{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:07:09Z","timestamp":1771927629463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Malaria caused by\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      continues to be a serious public health problem, especially in countries like Brazil where\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounts for more than 80% of diagnosed cases. Since this plasmodial species is characterized as one of the most difficult to eliminate, the development of a specific vaccine for\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be an essential tool for effective control of the disease. The protein Ripr has been described in\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      as an essential part of the erythrocyte invasion complex. Given the limited number of\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccine antigens currently under investigation, this study aimed to characterize, the naturally acquired humoral immune response to Ripr protein of\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ELISA assays were performed using plasma samples from individuals naturally exposed to malaria in the Brazilian Amazon in order to determine levels of IgM, IgG and IgG subclasses against PvRipr. In addition, linear B-cell epitopes within the protein were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results demonstrated that PvRipr is naturally immunogenic, as more than 60% of the individuals presented IgM or IgG antibodies against recombinant PvRipr. The profile of IgG subclasses was also investigated and higher frequencies of seropositive individuals for IgG1 and IgG2 were observed. After\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      prediction, a total of four linear B cell epitopes were identified in PvRipr, from these sequences, B-PvRipr\n                      <jats:sub>(879-888)<\/jats:sub>\n                      and B-PvRipr\n                      <jats:sub>(923-958)<\/jats:sub>\n                      had higher frequencies of seropositive individuals and reactivity indexes in comparison to the other tested epitopes. Moreover, levels of IgG antibodies specific for these two epitopes were strongly correlated with the levels of IgG antibodies against recombinant PvRipr and especially with IgG3 antibodies, a cytophilic subclass widely cited in the protective immune response against malaria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1710869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:44:38Z","timestamp":1769582678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["B-cell epitope mapping and characterization of antibody responses to recombinant PvRipr in malaria-exposed individuals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Isabela Ferreira","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz 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