{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T06:39:15Z","timestamp":1765953555312,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Coccidiosis, caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, is a major enteric disease in birds, with\n                      <jats:italic>Eimeria labbeana<\/jats:italic>\n                      -like isolates frequently inducing severe intestinal lesions, diarrhea, and reduced weight gain in pigeons. Conventional anticoccidial drugs face limitations due to resistance, residue concerns, and environmental impact, highlighting the need for alternative strategies.\n                      <jats:italic>Commiphora myrrha<\/jats:italic>\n                      (myrrh) is a resinous plant extract rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated the protective effects of\n                      <jats:italic>C. myrrha<\/jats:italic>\n                      resin in pigeons experimentally infected with\n                      <jats:italic>E. labbeana<\/jats:italic>\n                      -like isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Resin of\n                      <jats:italic>C. myrrha<\/jats:italic>\n                      was collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, authenticated, and extracted with 70% methanol to prepare a crude extract (MyE). Its chemical composition was characterized using GC\u2013MS. A laboratory strain of\n                      <jats:italic>Eimeria labbeana<\/jats:italic>\n                      -like oocysts was propagated in pigeons, sporulated, and used for experimental infection. Twenty-five pigeons were randomly assigned to five groups: uninfected control, uninfected + myrrh extract (MyE), infected control, infected + MyE, and infected + amprolium (standard drug). MyE and amprolium treatments were administered orally for 5 days post-infection. Parasitological, histological, immunohistochemical (NF-\u03baB and IFN-\u03b3), gene expression (MUC2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1), and cytokine (IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1) analyses were conducted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, myrrh resin was methanol-extracted and characterized by GC\u2013MS, revealing 29 phytochemical components. Experimental infection of pigeons with\n                      <jats:italic>E. labbeana<\/jats:italic>\n                      -like oocysts resulted in peak fecal oocyst shedding (~5.25 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      oocysts\/g.feces), extensive development of intracellular parasite stages (meronts, gamonts, and developing oocysts), a marked reduction in goblet cell numbers, and elevated intestinal inflammatory responses, including increased NF-\u03baB and IFN-\u03b3 immunoreactivity, as well as upregulated mRNA expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1. Oral administration of MyE significantly suppressed oocyst shedding by 60%, reduced the number of intracellular parasitic stages, restored goblet cell counts, and downregulated both gene and protein levels of pro-inflammatory markers while enhancing MUC2 expression, indicating effective modulation of\n                      <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      -induced intestinal damage and inflammatory dysregulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic>C. myrrha<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract effectively mitigates\n                      <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      -induced intestinal damage, inflammation, and immune dysregulation, highlighting its potential as a natural, plant-based intervention for managing pigeon coccidiosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1714313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T06:35:37Z","timestamp":1765953337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Commiphora myrrha extract protects pigeons from Eimeria labbeana-like-triggered inflammatory dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rewaida","family":"Abdel-Gaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shurug","family":"Albasyouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simeon","family":"Santourlidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Al Quraishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esam","family":"Al-Shaebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/vmrr.s57839\"10.2147\/VMRR.S57839","article-title":"Coccidiosis: recent advancements in the immunobiology of Eimeria species, preventive measures, and the importance of vaccination as a control tool against these Apicomplexan parasites","volume":"5","author":"Shivaramaiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Med Res Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/peu053","article-title":"Selection for pro-inflammatory mediators produces chickens more resistant to Eimeria tenella","volume":"94","author":"Swaggerty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2015.1125442","article-title":"Live Eimeria vaccination success in the face of artificial non-uniform vaccine administration in conventionally reared pullets","volume":"45","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06571-3","article-title":"Molecular identification and biological characterization of Eimeria species infecting domestic pigeons","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407705-8.00002-1","article-title":"A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research","volume":"83","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1282-1288.2000","article-title":"Eimeria tenella infection induces local gamma interferon production and intestinal lymphocyte subpopulation changes","volume":"68","author":"Yun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Intestinal pathology associated with natural infection of Eimeria species in domestic pigeons in Makurdi, Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Terfa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Res Int"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-13110","article-title":"Observations of the coccidian infection, Eimeria labbeana-like in experimentally infected domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) associated with pathological effects","volume":"75","author":"Abdel-Gaber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Occurrence of coccidia infection in pigeons in amateur husbandry. 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