{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:22:55Z","timestamp":1784607775571,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation and extra-articular involvement of tissues and organs. Acute anterior uveitis (AAU), the most common extra-articular manifestation of SpA, typically presents as a unilateral acute disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier, characterized by photophobia, redness of the eye, pain, and blurred vision. The underlying pathogenesis is not fully understood but is thought to involve genetic factors, gut microbiota, and dysregulation of the immune system. Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of AAU treatment. However, alternative therapies such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologics have also demonstrated utility. In recent years, biologics have gained increasing attention due to their efficacy and safety. This review summarizes recent research findings and advancements in the diagnosis and management of spondyloarthritis-associated uveitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T05:20:41Z","timestamp":1764739241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beyond the joints: mechanistic insights and multidisciplinary strategies for spondyloarthritis-associated uveitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuyue","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Juan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31591-4","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"390","author":"Sieper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00552-4","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis: concept, construct, classification and implications for therapy","volume":"17","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60071-8","article-title":"Spondyloarthritis","volume":"377","author":"Dougados","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203582","article-title":"Prevalence of extra-articular manifestations in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Stolwijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759720x20951733","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X20951733","article-title":"Uveitis in spondyloarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Rademacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01043-5","article-title":"Worldwide differences in clinical phenotype of axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Bittar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14303","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for uveitis in spondyloarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Yasmin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae536","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of uveitis in patients with spondyloarthritis: the impact of the biologics era. Data from International ASAS-COMOSPA Study","volume":"64","author":"Maldonado-Ficco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-017-0357-6","article-title":"Uveitis in spondyloarthritis","volume":"76","author":"Rudwaleit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00456-4","article-title":"The use of sustained release intravitreal steroid implants in non-infectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye","volume":"11","author":"Abdulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9460187","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9460187","article-title":"The management of acute anterior uveitis complicating spondyloarthritis: present and future","volume":"2018","author":"Biggioggero","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-015-0536-x","article-title":"Acute anterior uveitis and spondyloarthritis: more than meets the eye","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273941003597268","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis of HLA B27-associated acute anterior uveitis in an Italian patient population","volume":"18","author":"Accorinti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.608134","article-title":"Recent developments in HLA B27 anterior uveitis","volume":"11","author":"Wakefield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1247174","article-title":"Complications of uveitis: the northern california epidemiology of uveitis study","volume":"26","author":"Gritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.34.1.24","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of spondyloarthritis","volume":"34","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediterr J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.04.031","article-title":"Incidence rates and risk factors for ocular complications and vision loss in HLA-B27-associated uveitis","volume":"150","author":"Loh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2024.105697","article-title":"Targeted therapies for uveitis in spondyloarthritis: A narrative review","volume":"91","author":"Jacquot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-2960-8","article-title":"Uveitis in spondyloarthritis including psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"34","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.03.026","article-title":"Uveitis-related factors in patients with spondyloarthritis: TReasure real-life results","volume":"228","author":"Ya\u015far Bilge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14485","article-title":"Management of extra-articular manifestations in spondyloarthritis","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2165113","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of noninfectious acute anterior uveitis with or without human leukocyte antigen B27 in adults - expert consensus in Taiwan","volume":"32","author":"Chao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.02.003","article-title":"Step-wise diagnostic approach for patients with uveitis - Experts consensus in Taiwan","volume":"55","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.03.049","article-title":"Classification criteria for spondyloarthritis\/HLA-B27-associated anterior uveitis","volume":"228","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205358","article-title":"A novel evidence-based detection of undiagnosed spondyloarthritis in patients presenting with acute anterior uveitis: the DUET (Dublin Uveitis Evaluation Tool)","volume":"74","author":"Haroon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2018.23","article-title":"A referable clinical pattern of spondyloarthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"62","author":"Mitulescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181637a38","article-title":"HLA-B27 and its pathogenic role","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2015.49","article-title":"The genetic associations of acute anterior uveitis and their overlap with the genetics of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"17","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.075754","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of uveitis in the spondyloarthropathies: a systematic literature review","volume":"67","author":"Zeboulon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.745882","article-title":"Acute anterior uveitis in Sydney","volume":"21","author":"Karaconji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01189-3","article-title":"HLA-B27 and spondyloarthritis: at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"21","author":"Navid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91760-J","article-title":"HLA-B27-restricted CD8 T cells derived from synovial fluids of patients with reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"342","author":"Hermann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05501-7","article-title":"Autoimmunity-associated T cell receptors recognize HLA-B*27-bound peptides","volume":"612","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0640-1","article-title":"An update on the genetic polymorphism of HLA-B*27 with 213 alleles encompassing 160 subtypes (and still counting)","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket219","article-title":"The arthritis-associated HLA-B*27:05 allele forms more cell surface B27 dimer and free heavy chain ligands for KIR3DL2 than HLA-B*27:09","volume":"52","author":"Cauli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38963","article-title":"Revisiting the arthritogenic peptide theory: quantitative not qualitative changes in the peptide repertoire of HLA-B27 allotypes","volume":"67","author":"Schittenhelm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.056","article-title":"ER stress and the unfolded protein response","volume":"569","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1357-4310(00)01699-3","article-title":"HLA-B27 misfolding: a solution to the spondyloarthropathy conundrum","volume":"6","author":"Colbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Med Today"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.07.012","article-title":"The role of HLA-B*27 in spondyloarthritis","volume":"31","author":"Colbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510050596","article-title":"The role of HLA-B27 in spondyloarthritis","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10605","article-title":"Cell-surface expression and immune receptor recognition of HLA-B27 homodimers","volume":"46","author":"Kollnberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112110","article-title":"HLA-B27","volume":"33","author":"Bowness","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202926","article-title":"KIR3DL2 binds to HLA-B27 dimers and free H chains more strongly than other HLA class I and promotes the expansion of T cells in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"190","author":"Wong-Baeza","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9444-z","article-title":"Polymorphisms of KIR gene and HLA-C alleles: possible association with susceptibility to HLA-B27-positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"30","author":"Jiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39288","article-title":"Study on the protective effect of the KIR3DL1 gene in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"67","author":"Vendelbosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.28798","article-title":"Clinical features and predictive factors in psoriatic arthritis-related uveitis","volume":"31","author":"Queiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38873","article-title":"Genetic dissection of acute anterior uveitis reveals similarities and differences in associations observed with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"67","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.6.3","article-title":"Genomewide association study of acute anterior uveitis identifies new susceptibility loci","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02463","article-title":"How ERAP1 and ERAP2 shape the peptidomes of disease-associated MHC-I proteins","volume":"9","author":"L\u00f3pez De Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38967","article-title":"Brief report: intestinal dysbiosis in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"67","author":"Costello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010572","article-title":"Role of the microbiome and its metabolites in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-018-0746-9","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the gut bacterial microbiome of patients with uveitis, an inflammatory disease of the eye","volume":"58","author":"Kalyana Chakravarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Microbiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42658","article-title":"Shared and distinct gut microbiota in spondyloarthritis, acute anterior uveitis, and crohn's disease","volume":"76","author":"Essex","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.6.2359","article-title":"The germfree state prevents development of gut and joint inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats","volume":"180","author":"Taurog","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19733","article-title":"Gut microbial alterations associated with protection from autoimmune uveitis","volume":"57","author":"Nakamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2022.2041338","article-title":"Patients with ankylosing spondylitis have high risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a long-term nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"134","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0097-2","article-title":"The microbiome and HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis","volume":"14","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20230008","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin levels in acute anterior uveitis in patients with spondyloarthritis","volume":"86","author":"Gazim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0454-9","article-title":"Revisiting the gut-joint axis: links between gut inflammation and spondyloarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Gracey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.08.008","article-title":"The microbiome in HLA-B27-associated disease: implications for acute anterior uveitis and recommendations for future studies","volume":"31","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.348-369.2004","article-title":"HLA-B27-associated reactive arthritis: pathogenetic and clinical considerations","volume":"17","author":"Colmegna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000096515","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: an underestimated factor in acute anterior uveitis and spondyloarthropathies","volume":"221","author":"Otasevic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.012","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity","volume":"95","author":"Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-018-0100-z","article-title":"Role of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in autoimmune diseases","volume":"5","author":"Bodis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.01.001","article-title":"Epigenetics, microbiota, and intraocular inflammation: New paradigms of immune regulation in the eye","volume":"64","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.8.4738","article-title":"Identification of HLA-B27-restricted peptides from the Chlamydia trachomatis proteome with possible relevance to HLA-B27-associated diseases","volume":"167","author":"Kuon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002653","article-title":"Th17 cells expressing KIR3DL2+ and responsive to HLA-B27 homodimers are increased in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"186","author":"Bowness","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.676046","article-title":"A review of the various roles and participation levels of B-cells in non-infectious uveitis","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.623725","article-title":"Uveitis: molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapies","volume":"12","author":"Egwuagu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115236","article-title":"JAK-STAT signaling pathway in non-infectious uveitis","volume":"204","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.07.016","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways in spondyloarthritis","volume":"57","author":"Hreggvidsdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079903125002847","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in aqueous humour and serum from patients with uveitis: the involvement of HLA-B27","volume":"20","author":"P\u00e9rez-Guijo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176401","article-title":"The role of the IL-23\/IL-17 pathway in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis","volume":"21","author":"Tsukazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.04.027","article-title":"IL-17 attenuates the anti-apoptotic effects of GM-CSF in human neutrophils","volume":"45","author":"Dragon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1461","article-title":"Interleukin-17 promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth","volume":"101","author":"Numasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308809200","article-title":"Functional cooperation between interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein family members","volume":"279","author":"Ruddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.029","article-title":"The future of uveitis treatment","volume":"121","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1698","article-title":"The interleukin 23 receptor is essential for the terminal differentiation of interleukin 17-producing effector T helper cells in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Mcgeachy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.637829","article-title":"Role of the IL-23\/IL-17 pathway in rheumatic diseases: an overview","volume":"12","author":"Schinocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00954-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis and current therapies for non-infectious uveitis","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S288294","article-title":"Topical anti-inflammatory agents for non-infectious uveitis: current treatment and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-023-01960-z","article-title":"HLA-B27-positive anterior uveitis: Clinical aspects, diagnostics, interdisciplinary management, and treatment","volume":"121","author":"Werkl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmologie"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/092739490500192","article-title":"A review of evidence guiding the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of intraocular inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Gaudio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13702","article-title":"Local delivery of corticosteroids in clinical ophthalmology: A review","volume":"48","author":"Fung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2019.1595578","article-title":"Expert opinion on the use of biological therapy in non-infectious uveitis","volume":"19","author":"Touhami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021","article-title":"Periocular Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant for the Treatment of Uveitic Macular Edema: The PeriOcular vs. INTravitreal corticosteroids for uveitic macular edema (POINT) Trial","volume":"126","author":"Thorne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200012000-00016","article-title":"Ocular complications of topical, peri-ocular, and systemic corticosteroids","volume":"11","author":"Carnahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4979","article-title":"Uveitis for the non-ophthalmologist","volume":"372","author":"Burkholder","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273941003587558","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy and recurrent acute anterior uveitis","volume":"18","author":"Fiorelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B90","article-title":"Sulfasalazine reduces the number of flares of acute anterior uveitis over a one-year period","volume":"30","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-024-03405-1","article-title":"Efficacy of sulfasalazine on recurrent acute anterior uveitis: a three-year follow-up","volume":"45","author":"Avello-Gorostidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.10.011","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and liver adverse effects of drugs used for treating IBD","volume":"24","author":"Rogler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4082-x","article-title":"The effect of methotrexate and sulfasalazine on the course of HLA-B27-positive anterior uveitis: results from a retrospective cohort study","volume":"256","author":"Zu Hoerste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940802204519","article-title":"Azathioprine in the management of autoimmune uveitis","volume":"16","author":"Pacheco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509852","article-title":"Adalimumab in patients with active noninfectious uveitis","volume":"375","author":"Jaffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31339-3","article-title":"Adalimumab for prevention of uveitic flare in patients with inactive non-infectious uveitis controlled by corticosteroids (VISUAL II): a multicentre, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.10.036","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of adalimumab in patients with noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis","volume":"128","author":"Suhler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.092585","article-title":"Adalimumab effectively reduces the rate of anterior uveitis flares in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: results of a prospective open-label study","volume":"68","author":"Rudwaleit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S160431","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Ming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.673984","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in noninfectious uveitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122782","article-title":"Adalimumab autoantibodies in uveitis patients: do we need routine drug monitoring","volume":"12","author":"Zur Bonsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-02987-1","article-title":"Comparison of infliximab with adalimumab for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae003","article-title":"Comparative risk of incident and recurrent acute anterior uveitis across different biological agents in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"64","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.103192","article-title":"Analysis of uveitis rates across all etanercept ankylosing spondylitis clinical trials","volume":"69","author":"Sieper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223296","article-title":"ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis: 2022 update","volume":"82","author":"Ramiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180312","article-title":"Reduced occurrence rate of acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis treated with golimumab - the GO-EASY study","volume":"46","author":"Van Bentum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01019-6","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of TNF inhibitor (golimumab) as salvage treatment in patients with refractory noninfectious uveitis","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759720x211003803","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X211003803","article-title":"Reduction of anterior uveitis flares in patients with axial spondyloarthritis on certolizumab pegol treatment: final 2-year results from the multicenter phase IV C-VIEW study","volume":"13","author":"Van Der Horst-Bruinsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220420","article-title":"Anterior uveitis in patients with spondyloarthritis treated with secukinumab or tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in routine care: does the choice of biological therapy matter","volume":"80","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.09.040","article-title":"Secukinumab in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis: results of three randomized, controlled clinical trials","volume":"120","author":"Dick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759720x251340255","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X251340255","article-title":"Uveitis in patients with axial spondyloarthritis or psoriatic arthritis: a post hoc analysis from placebo-controlled phase III studies with secukinumab","volume":"17","author":"Brandt-J\u00fcrgens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225933","article-title":"Low uveitis rates in patients with axial spondyloarthritis treated with bimekizumab: pooled results from phase 2b\/3 trials","volume":"83","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12527","article-title":"Successful ustekinumab treatment of noninfectious uveitis and concomitant severe psoriatic arthritis and plaque psoriasis","volume":"30","author":"Mugheddu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz167","article-title":"Two cases of successful ustekinumab treatment for non-infectious uveitis associated with crohn's disease","volume":"14","author":"Chateau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1798230","article-title":"The current status of biological treatment for uveitis","volume":"16","author":"Gaggiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2018.12.001","article-title":"Tofacitinib for refractory uveitis and scleritis","volume":"13","author":"Paley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04875-w","article-title":"JAK inhibitors in refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"39","author":"Miserocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.2439","article-title":"Filgotinib in active noninfectious uveitis: the HUMBOLDT randomized clinical trial","volume":"142","author":"Srivastava","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715107\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T05:20:42Z","timestamp":1764739242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715107\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"article-number":"1715107"}}