{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T06:36:58Z","timestamp":1765521418823,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    West Nile virus (WNV) is widespread throughout the world. Occasionally, it causes outbreaks of the West Nile fever (WNF) disease, which can lead to severe CNS damage or death. At the same time, the virus\u2019 expanding range is increasingly leading to the formation of mixed foci with other orthoflaviviruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Based on long-term experience using inactivated vaccines to target tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), it seems sensible to create a complex inactivated vaccine targeting two antigens to protect the population against several orthoflaviviruses at once. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the mono-WNV and combined WNV\/TBEV inactivated vaccines\u2014based on WNV strain SHUA-3 and TBEV strain Sofjin against a wide range of WNV and TBEV strains\u2014were compared in an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    neutralization assay, as well as in BALB\/c mice\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The mono vaccines showed a lack of cross-immunogenicity and protection, whereas the combined vaccine was immunogenic against five WNV strains of lineages 1 and 2 and five TBEV strains belonging to different virus subtypes. In the mouse model, the mono-WNV vaccine was effective against the three most pathogenic strains of WNV used in this work, while the combined WNV\/TBEV vaccine was effective against both WNV and TBEV. Our work shows promise for the further development of a combined vaccine against WNF and TBE.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T06:33:19Z","timestamp":1765521199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mono-WNV and combined WNV\/TBEV inactivated vaccine efficacy against a wide range of WNV and TBEV strains"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ksenia","family":"Tuchynskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Vorovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Kruglov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guzal","family":"Mostipanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Kholodilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Kuchina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Rogova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Karganova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2014.3.1.58","article-title":"Zoonotic encephalitides caused by arboviruses: transmission and epidemiology of alphaviruses and flaviviruses","volume":"3","author":"Go","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Vaccine Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.024","article-title":"Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses","volume":"140","author":"Dobler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110338","article-title":"Structures and functions of the envelope glycoprotein in flavivirus infections","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz146","article-title":"West Nile virus mosquito vectors in North America","volume":"56","author":"Rochlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Entomology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050561","article-title":"West Nile virus lineage 2 vector competence of indigenous Culex and Aedes mosquitoes from Germany at temperate climate conditions","volume":"12","author":"Holicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01963-10","article-title":"Phylogeography of West Nile virus: from the cradle of evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas","volume":"85","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.53854\/liim-3101-4","article-title":"West Nile Virus diffusion in temperate regions and climate change. A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"D\u2019amore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Le infezioni Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010075","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa: An underestimated threat","volume":"16","author":"Mencattelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1449","article-title":"Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East","volume":"298","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1951","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10126255","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Kunjin virus in Australia","volume":"10","author":"Prow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.374039","article-title":"West Nile virus in India: An update on its genetic lineages","volume":"60","author":"Rajaiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051379","article-title":"Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central Europe","volume":"12","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.041028","article-title":"Novel flavivirus or new lineage of West Nile virus, Central Europe","volume":"11","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/me09219","article-title":"Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) surveillance for arboviruses in an area endemic for West Nile (Lineage Rabensburg) and \u0164ahy\u0148a viruses in central Europe","volume":"47","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Entomology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0572-6_7","article-title":"West Nile virus and other zoonotic viruses in Russia: examples of emerging-reemerging situations","volume":"18","author":"Lvov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch virology. Supplementum"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0405","article-title":"Vector Competence of Culex neavei and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Senegal for Lineages 1, 2, Koutango and a Putative New Lineage of West Nile virus","volume":"90","author":"Fall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S16005","article-title":"Investigations of Koutango virus infectivity and dissemination dynamics in Aedes aEgypti mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Lobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Insights"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.140921","article-title":"Putative new West Nile virus lineage in Uranotaenia unguiculata mosquitoes, Austria, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Pachler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1908740","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation","volume":"12","author":"Saiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1372","article-title":"Mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of West Nile virus strains varies depending upon virus genotype","volume":"296","author":"Beasley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02691.x","article-title":"West Nile fever in Israel 1999\u20132000 from Geese to humans","volume":"951","author":"Bin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.94.s1.6.x","article-title":"Migratory birds and West Nile virus","volume":"94","author":"Rappole","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol Symposium Supplement"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/376230","article-title":"The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"2015","author":"Chancey","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289a","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010118","article-title":"Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, volgograd region, Russia, 1999","volume":"7","author":"Platonov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.21055\/0370-1069-2022-1-43-53","article-title":"West Nile fever: results of monitoring over the causative agent in the Russian federation in 2021, the incidence forecast for 2022","volume":"28","author":"Putintseva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Problems Particularly Dangerous Infections"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12334","article-title":"Emergence of equine West Nile encephalitis in central Macedonia, Greece, 2010","volume":"63","author":"Bouzalas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transboundary Emerging Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1713751","article-title":"The knowns and unknowns of West Nile virus in Europe: what did we learn from the 2018 outbreak","volume":"18","author":"Camp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac125","article-title":"Rapid spread of a new West Nile virus lineage 1 associated with increased risk of neuroinvasive disease during a large outbreak in Italy in 2022","volume":"2022","author":"Barzon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030569","article-title":"West Nile virus lineage 2 spreads westwards in Europe and overwinters in North-Eastern Spain (2017\u20132020)","volume":"14","author":"Aguilera-Sep\u00falveda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020606","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and outcomes of West Nile virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Sejvar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9010048","article-title":"Comparative pathology of West Nile virus in humans and non-human animals","volume":"9","author":"Byas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12863","article-title":"Age-related alterations in immune responses to West Nile virus infection","volume":"187","author":"Montgomery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1007043","article-title":"Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and disease in populations and individuals","volume":"13","author":"Montgomery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-248","article-title":"West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease: Neurological manifestations and prospective longitudinal outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009190","article-title":"A 20-year historical review of West Nile virus since its initial emergence in North America: Has West Nile virus become a neglected tropical disease","volume":"15","author":"Ronca","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01647-7","article-title":"Reactivity of serum samples from patients with a flavivirus infection measured by immunofluorescence assay and ELISA","volume":"4","author":"Koraka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infection"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.09.009","article-title":"Comparison of ELISA and immunoassays for measurement of IgG and IgM antibody to West Nile virus in human sera against virus neutralisation","volume":"139","author":"Niedrig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virological Methods"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10116049","article-title":"Flaviviruses in Europe: complex circulation patterns and their consequences for the diagnosis and control of West Nile disease","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020366","article-title":"o-circulation of West Nile, Usutu, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in the same area: A great challenge for diagnostic and blood and organ safety","volume":"15","author":"\u010cabanov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12941","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile fever virus as causes of serous meningitis of unknown origin in Kazakhstan","volume":"69","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24855","article-title":"A nationwide seroprevalence screening for West Nile virus and Tick-borne encephalitis virus in the population of Bulgaria","volume":"89","author":"Christova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12801","article-title":"Exposure to West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs in Spain","volume":"65","author":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transboundary Emerging Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051108","article-title":"Horses as sentinels for the circulation of flaviviruses in eastern\u2013central Germany","volume":"15","author":"Gothe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010010","article-title":"Exposure of wild ungulates to the Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in France in 2009-2014: evidence of undetected flavivirus circulation a decade ago","volume":"12","author":"Bournez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020087","article-title":"A survey on West Nile and Usutu viruses in horses and birds in Poland","volume":"10","author":"Ba\u017can\u00f3w","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13003","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis epidemic in Hungary 1951\u20132021: The story and lessons learned","volume":"70","author":"Egyed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2023.02040","article-title":"West Nile virus infections in Hungary: Epidemiological update and phylogenetic analysis of the Hungarian virus strains between 2015 and 2022","volume":"70","author":"Nagy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Microbiologica Immunologica Hungarica"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.688904","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus and other flaviviruses in a zoological collection in Slovenia","volume":"8","author":"Kvapil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Veterinary Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.31631\/2073-3046-2024-23-5-13-23","article-title":"Actual problems of epidemiological surveillance of West Nile fever in Russia and ways of its improvement","volume":"23","author":"Udovichenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.12.028","article-title":"Effectiveness of TBE vaccination in southern Germany and Latvia","volume":"40","author":"Erber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac075","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in vaccinated patients: A retrospective case-control study and analysis of vaccination field effectiveness in Austria from 2000 to 2018","volume":"227","author":"Santonja","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061228","article-title":"Retrospective, matched case\u2013control analysis of tickborne encephalitis vaccine effectiveness by booster interval, Switzerland 2006\u20132020","volume":"12","author":"Zens","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B54","article-title":"[Experience in implementing the mass immunization program against tick-borne encephalitis in the Sverdlovsk region","volume":"52","author":"Romanenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vopr. Virusol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30895\/2221-996X-2020-20-3-174-186","article-title":"Effectiveness of specific prevention of tick-Borne encephalitis","volume":"20","author":"Shcherbinina","year":"2020","journal-title":"BIOpreparations. Prevention Diagnosis Treat"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.041","article-title":"Protective immunity spectrum induced by immunization with a vaccine from the TBEV strain Sofjin","volume":"34","author":"Chernokhaeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.985661","article-title":"Review of tick-borne encephalitis and vaccines: clinical and economical aspects","volume":"14","author":"\u0160mit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25316","article-title":"Ability of inactivated vaccines based on far-eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus strains to induce humoral immune response in originally seropositive and seronegative recipients","volume":"91","author":"Maikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B59","article-title":"Comparative characteristics of immunological activity of tick-borne encephalitis vaccines used during a mass immunization program in the Sverdlovsk region","volume":"29","author":"Prochorova","year":"2006","journal-title":"\u00c8pidemiol Vaktsinoprofilaktika"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.02.007","article-title":"Self-reported tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination coverage in Europe: Results from a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Erber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks tick-borne Dis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1757990","article-title":"Evervac: phase I\/II study of immunogenicity and safety of a new adjuvant-free TBE vaccine cultivated in Vero cell culture","volume":"16","author":"Vorovitch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.3.6.931","article-title":"Development of effective therapies against West Nile virus infection","volume":"3","author":"Diamond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090823","article-title":"Twenty years of progress toward West Nile virus vaccine development","volume":"11","author":"Kaiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12211","article-title":"West Nile virus in Europe: Emergence, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"19","author":"Sambri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B65","article-title":"Equine vaccine for West Nile virus","volume":"114","author":"Ng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Developments Biologicals"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.04.010","article-title":"Serologic responses of West Nile virus seronegative mature horses to West Nile virus vaccines","volume":"33","author":"Cortese","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Equine Veterinary Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121398","article-title":"An inactivated West Nile virus vaccine candidate based on the lineage 2 strain","volume":"12","author":"Vorovitch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040860","article-title":"A perspective on current flavivirus vaccine development: A brief review","volume":"15","author":"Dutta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2022.11.010","article-title":"Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) and the role of complement system in disease pathogenesis","volume":"152","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.12.013","article-title":"Microevolution of tick-borne encephalitis virus in course of host alternation","volume":"362","author":"Romanova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061172","article-title":"Experimental assessment of possible factors associated with tick-borne encephalitis vaccine failure","volume":"9","author":"Tuchynskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B73","article-title":"Laboratory techniques in rabies: methods of calculation","author":"Lorenz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Monograph series. World Health Organ"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195135848.001.0001","volume-title":"Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics","author":"Nei","year":"2000"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040486","article-title":"Differential virulence of West Nile strains for American crows","volume":"10","author":"Brault","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.111720","article-title":"Characterization of virulent West Nile virus Kunjin strain, Australia, 2011","volume":"18","author":"Frost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000743","article-title":"Pathogenicity evaluation of twelve West Nile virus strains belonging to four lineages from five continents in a mouse model: discrimination between three pathogenicity categories","volume":"98","author":"Perez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8339-8347.2005","article-title":"Envelope protein glycosylation status influences mouse neuroinvasion phenotype of genetic lineage 1 West Nile virus strains","volume":"79","author":"Beasley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084473","article-title":"Comparison of the neuropathology induced by two West Nile virus strains","volume":"8","author":"Donadieu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0279-3","article-title":"Comparison of attenuated and virulent West Nile virus strains in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells as a model of initial human infection","volume":"12","author":"Rawle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000069","article-title":"Systematic analysis of viral genes responsible for differential virulence between American and Australian West Nile virus strains","volume":"96","author":"Setoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051094","article-title":"Evaluation of NS4A, NS4B, NS5 and 3\u2032UTR genetic determinants of WNV lineage 1 virulence in birds and mammals","volume":"15","author":"Fiacre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29984","article-title":"Immunogenicity against Far Eastern and Siberian subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus elicited by the currently available vaccines based on the European subtype: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Domnich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715371\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T06:33:20Z","timestamp":1765521200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715371\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"article-number":"1715371"}}