{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:29:57Z","timestamp":1787164197775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Food allergy is characterized by acute onset of symptoms affecting multiple organ systems following the ingestion of otherwise innocuous food antigens. The prevalence of this potentially life-threatening disease is globally increasing and poses a significant burden on society and healthcare systems. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology of food allergy focusing on pre-clinical evidence of how oral tolerance is broken and the role of systemic and mucosal immunoglobulin E (IgE) in food allergy. Diagnosing food allergy is complex and requires a multimodal approach. Importantly, the diagnostic accuracy of currently available tests is variable, and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    testing runs the risk of inducing anaphylaxis in patients. We summarize established diagnostic modalities and provide an overview of novel approaches that are currently in development to improve diagnostic accuracy while minimizing discomfort and risk of anaphylaxis. Finally, we comment on available treatment modalities and provide an outlook of new therapeutic options in clinical trials or under development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1715845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:55:54Z","timestamp":1769064954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities in food allergy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lukas Michaja","family":"Balsiger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases (TARGID), KU Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver M.","family":"W\u00fcrgler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh A.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seren & John Liew Division of Pediatric Allergy\/Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Eggel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15418","article-title":"Food allergy, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment: Innovation through a multi-targeted approach","volume":"77","author":"Sindher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-0898-7","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of food allergy","volume":"20","author":"Warren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.10.018","article-title":"Food allergy across the globe","volume":"148","author":"Sampath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5630","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of food allergies among US adults","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.009","article-title":"Time trends in Australian hospital anaphylaxis admissions in 1998\u20131999 to 2011-2012","volume":"136","author":"Mullins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-12-11","article-title":"Eczema in early childhood is strongly associated with the development of asthma and rhinitis in a prospective cohort","volume":"12","author":"von Kobyletzki","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.255","article-title":"The allergic phenotype during the first 10 years of life in a prospective cohort","volume":"7","author":"Bj\u00f6rkander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01907","article-title":"Research progress in atopic march","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0002-x","article-title":"To respond or not to respond - 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