{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:23:34Z","timestamp":1793381014540,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030692","name":"Intramural Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n The manipulation of the gut microbiota of disease vectors has emerged as a new approach to use in the integrated control of vector-borne diseases. For this purpose, a deep knowledge of their gut microbial communities is essential. To our knowledge, to date, no study has documented the gut microbiome dynamics of\n Phlebotomus duboscqi<\/jats:italic>\n sand flies over the entire time-period required for the maturation of a\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n infection. Here, we address this limitation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n P. duboscqi<\/jats:italic>\n midguts were dissected both before and at different days after\n L. major<\/jats:italic>\n infection and subjected to genomic DNA extraction followed by amplification of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA, sequencing, and metagenomics analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We observed a decrease in the number of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) early after infection, at D2, and late after infection, at D12. More so\n Sphingomonas<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ochrobactrum<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n emerged as the most prevalent genera in relative terms, before, early after, and late after infection, respectively. These results translated into a separation between the 3 groups in the context of a beta diversity analysis, with statistical relevance. Importantly, we were able to establish\n Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n spp. and\n Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n spp. as potential markers of non-infected and infected sand flies, respectively, as well as\n Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Sphingomonas<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Ralstonia<\/jats:italic>\n spp., and\n Abiotrophia<\/jats:italic>\n spp. as potential specific markers of late infections (ANCOM-BC analysis).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n Overall, we show that the composition of the gut microbiota of\n P. duboscqi<\/jats:italic>\n sand flies changes significantly over the course of an infection with\n L. major<\/jats:italic>\n parasites.\n <\/jats:p>\n 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