{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:01:30Z","timestamp":1791684090882,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite decades of research, HIV-1 continues to infect millions annually, underscoring the urgent need for a safe and effective vaccine to curb the ongoing global pandemic. Among the many strategies explored, viral vectors have been the most intensively studied, with adenoviral and poxviral platforms serving as the leading approaches. These vectors have advanced through extensive preclinical evaluation and multiple large-scale clinical trials, demonstrating safety and the ability to induce cellular and humoral responses. Yet, they have also revealed key challenges, including pre-existing vector immunity, limited durability of responses, and in some cases, increased susceptibility to infection. Importantly, these trials clarified the limitations of Env-focused immunity, highlighted the value of heterologous prime\u2013boost regimens, and reinforced the dual need for broadly neutralizing antibodies and functional T cell responses. While vector-based COVID vaccines achieved protective efficacy, lessons learned from adenoviral and poxviral efforts continue to shape the field, directly informing the design of next-generation platforms such as mRNA and engineered viral vectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1720342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T06:40:00Z","timestamp":1768372800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding the performance of HIV-1 viral vector vaccines: adenovirus and poxvirus case studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mahdiyeh M.","family":"Manafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Touraj","family":"Farzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nallely","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Zoonotic and Emerging Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture","place":["Manhattan, KS, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al","family":"Ozonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardis C.","family":"Sabeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","place":["Chevy Chase, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020148","article-title":"Progress and challenges in HIV-1 vaccine research: A comprehensive overview","volume":"13","author":"Boomgarden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)80011-2","article-title":"An experimental chemically inactivated HIV-1 vaccine induces antibodies that neutralize homologous and heterologous viruses","volume":"13","author":"Race","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-016-0317-2","article-title":"First Phase I human clinical trial of a killed whole-HIV-1 vaccine: demonstration of its safety and enhancement of anti-HIV antibody responses","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"A phase I, randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study to assess\u00a0the safety, tolerability, and immune response of killed-whole HIV-1 vaccine (SAV001-H) administered intramuscularly to chronic HIV-1 infected patients currently under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)\n          \n          2009"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.5.728-733.2000","article-title":"A double-blind, adjuvant-controlled trial of\u00a0human\u00a0immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) immunogen (Remune) monotherapy in asymptomatic, HIV-1-infected thai subjects with CD4-cell counts of\u00a0>300","volume":"7","author":"Churdboonchart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.2.1138-1145.1999","article-title":"Genetic instability of live, attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine strains","volume":"73","author":"Berkhout","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128229","article-title":"Targeting HIV-1 immune escape mechanisms: Key advances and challenges in HIV-1 vaccine design","volume":"299","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147912","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2147912","article-title":"The question of HIV vaccine: why is a solution not yet available","volume":"2024","author":"Libera","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00503-y","article-title":"The use of viral vectors in vaccine development","volume":"7","author":"Travieso","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030384","article-title":"Post-immune antibodies in HIV-1 infection in the context of vaccine development: A variety of biological functions and catalytic activities","volume":"10","author":"Timofeeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-8-25","article-title":"HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr: relevance in the pathogenesis of HIV and potential for therapeutic intervention","volume":"8","author":"Kogan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.7.6.14115","article-title":"Role of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein in HIV-1 reverse transcription","volume":"7","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502022112","article-title":"Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas","volume":"112","author":"D\u2019Arc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10876.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding HIV evolution","volume":"6","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.870759","article-title":"Recombination in positive-strand RNA viruses","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Chapter 2 molecular basis of genetic variation of viruses error-prone replication","author":"Domingo","year":"2016"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007039","article-title":"The antibody response against HIV-1","volume":"2","author":"Overbaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab629","article-title":"Frequent development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in early life in a large cohort of children with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"225","author":"Lucier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01691-07","article-title":"Removal of a single N-linked glycan in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 results in an enhanced ability to induce neutralizing antibody responses","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3158","article-title":"Antibody responses to envelope glycoproteins in HIV-1 infection","volume":"16","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111624","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpu restricts Fc-mediated effector functions in vivo","volume":"41","author":"Prevost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI65708","article-title":"Natural variation in Fc glycosylation of HIV-specific antibodies impacts antiviral activity","volume":"123","author":"Ackerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00828-17","article-title":"Cooperation between strain-specific and broadly neutralizing responses limited viral escape and prolonged the exposure of the broadly neutralizing epitope","volume":"91","author":"Anthony","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.06.006","article-title":"Anti-V1\/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller","volume":"31","author":"Molinos-Albert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02686-23","article-title":"Alternative substitutions of N332 in HIV-1(AD8) gp120 differentially affect envelope glycoprotein function and viral sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the V3-glycan","volume":"15","author":"Jeffy","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115010","article-title":"A multidonor class of highly glycan-dependent HIV-1 gp120-gp41 interface-targeting broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"43","author":"Cale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.04.006","article-title":"Mutation-guided vaccine design: A process for developing boosting immunogens for HIV broadly neutralizing antibody induction","volume":"32","author":"Wiehe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451615","article-title":"The complex role of CD8+ T cells in placental HIV infection","volume":"55","author":"Peta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373117a0","article-title":"Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"373","author":"Wei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12066","article-title":"CD4(+) T-cell depletion in HIV infection: mechanisms of immunological failure","volume":"254","author":"Okoye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103701","article-title":"CD4+CD8+ T cells represent a significant portion of the anti-HIV T cell response to acute HIV infection","volume":"188","author":"Frahm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0415-0","article-title":"Central memory CD4+ T cells are preferential targets of double infection by HIV-1","volume":"12","author":"Haqqani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02216-07","article-title":"Differential CD4+ versus CD8+ T-cell responses elicited by different poxvirus-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine candidates provide\u00a0comparable efficacies in primates","volume":"82","author":"Mooij","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1779","article-title":"Control of HIV-1 immune escape by CD8 T cells expressing enhanced T-cell receptor","volume":"14","author":"Varela-Rohena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2018.0040","article-title":"CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and viral epitope escape in acute HIV-1 infection","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i33.11618","article-title":"Control of hepatitis B virus replication by interferons and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways","volume":"20","author":"Pei","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002200","article-title":"Why don\u2019t CD8+ T cells reduce the lifespan of SIV-infected cells in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Elemans","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Comput Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5403.857","article-title":"Control of viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection by CD8+ lymphocytes","volume":"283","author":"Schmitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.6.991","article-title":"Dramatic rise in plasma viremia after CD8(+) T cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques","volume":"189","author":"Jin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00869-15","article-title":"Differential impact of in vivo CD8+ T lymphocyte depletion in controller versus progressor simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques","volume":"89","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.08.018","article-title":"CD8(+) lymphocytes are required for maintaining viral suppression in SIV-infected macaques treated with short-term antiretroviral therapy","volume":"45","author":"Cartwright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00306-16","article-title":"Notwithstanding circumstantial alibis, cytotoxic T cells can be major killers of HIV-1-infected cells","volume":"90","author":"Gadhamsetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174168","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.174168","article-title":"Immunotoxin-mediated depletion of Gag-specific CD8+ T cells undermines natural control of SIV","volume":"9","author":"Simpson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000747","article-title":"CD8+ lymphocytes control viral replication in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques without decreasing the lifespan of productively infected cells","volume":"6","author":"Klatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004914","article-title":"Structured observations reveal slow HIV-1 CTL escape","volume":"11","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318224d2e9","article-title":"Interleukin-2 production by polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells is associated with enhanced viral suppression","volume":"58","author":"Akinsiku","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.08.001","article-title":"Rapid induction of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells is associated with coordinated humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination","volume":"54","author":"Painter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006888","article-title":"Distinct susceptibility of HIV vaccine vector-induced CD4 T cells to HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"Auclair","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq119","article-title":"The STEP study provides a hint that vaccine induction of the right CD8+ T cell responses can facilitate immune control of HIV","volume":"203","author":"Altfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29594","article-title":"Pre-existing immunity against Ad vectors: humoral, cellular, and innate response, what\u2019s important","volume":"10","author":"Fausther-Bovendo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01061-08","article-title":"Protective HLA class I alleles that restrict acute-phase CD8+ T-cell responses are\u00a0associated with viral escape mutations located in highly conserved regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121932","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells serve as the major CD4 T cell compartment for HIV-1 infection, replication, and production","volume":"210","author":"Perreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00575-25","article-title":"Higher proportions of circulating CXCR3+ CCR6- Tfh cells as a hallmark of impaired CD4+ T-cell recovery in HIV-1-infected immunological non-responders","volume":"16","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1520","article-title":"CD8+ T-cell responses to different HIV proteins have discordant associations with viral load","volume":"13","author":"Kiepiela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003078","article-title":"Robust HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses distinguish elite control in adolescents living with HIV from viremic nonprogressors","volume":"36","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029717","article-title":"CTL\u00a0responses of high functional avidity and broad variant cross-reactivity are associated with HIV control","volume":"7","author":"Mothe","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.051","article-title":"Differential effector engagement by oncogenic KRAS","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00494-14","article-title":"Stabilizing the native trimer of HIV-1 Env by destabilizing the heterodimeric interface of the gp41 postfusion six-helix bundle","volume":"88","author":"Kesavardhana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.11.013","article-title":"Inter-subunit disulfide bonds in soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers","volume":"332","author":"Yuan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.087","article-title":"Completeness of HIV-1 envelope glycan shield at transmission determines neutralization breadth","volume":"25","author":"Wagh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315730","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype E envelope recombinant peptides containing naturally immunogenic epitopes","volume":"182","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.11.6909-6917.2005","article-title":"The C108g epitope in the V2 domain of gp120 functions as a potent neutralization target when introduced into envelope proteins derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates","volume":"79","author":"Pinter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02125-14","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms regulate exposure of neutralizing epitopes in the V2 and V3 loops of HIV-1 envelope","volume":"88","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.06.074","article-title":"Multimeric epitope-scaffold HIV vaccines target V1V2 and differentially tune polyfunctional antibody responses","volume":"28","author":"Hessell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01175-20","article-title":"An HIV vaccine targeting the V2 region of the HIV envelope induces a highly durable polyfunctional fc-mediated antibody response in rhesus macaques","volume":"94","author":"Powell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.5.2394-2404.2004","article-title":"The v3 loop is accessible on the surface of most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates and serves as a neutralization epitope","volume":"78","author":"Gorny","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.13232-13252.2004","article-title":"Comprehensive cross-clade neutralization analysis of a panel of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 monoclonal antibodies","volume":"78","author":"Binley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-023-01062-z","article-title":"Trapping the HIV-1 V3 loop in a helical conformation enables broad neutralization","volume":"30","author":"Glogl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.08.006","article-title":"Strain-specific V3 and CD4 binding site autologous HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies select neutralization-resistant viruses","volume":"18","author":"Moody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.12.045","article-title":"Liposomal vaccines incorporating molecular adjuvants and intrastructural T-cell help promote the immunogenicity of HIV membrane-proximal external region peptides","volume":"33","author":"Hanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2154","article-title":"Antibody mechanics on a membrane-bound HIV segment essential for GP41-targeted viral neutralization","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197763","article-title":"Effect of diversity in gp41 membrane proximal external region of primary HIV-1 Indian subtype C sequences on interaction with broadly neutralizing antibodies 4E10 and 10E8","volume":"273","author":"Sutar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11544","article-title":"Broad and potent neutralization of HIV-1 by a gp41-specific human antibody","volume":"491","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.01.002","article-title":"Bacterial droplet-based single-cell RNA-seq reveals antibiotic-associated heterogeneous cellular states","volume":"186","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007819","article-title":"Broadly resistant HIV-1 against CD4-binding site neutralizing antibodies","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00803-16","article-title":"CD4-induced antibodies promote association of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein with CD4-binding site antibodies","volume":"90","author":"Gardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173454","article-title":"Antigenic and immunosuppressive properties of a trimeric recombinant transmembrane envelope protein gp41 of HIV-1","volume":"12","author":"Muhle","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055199","article-title":"Modulation of cytokine release and gene expression by the immunosuppressive domain of gp41 of HIV-1","volume":"8","author":"Denner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.8b01175","article-title":"The HIV gp41 Fusion Protein Inhibits T-Cell Activation through the Lentiviral Lytic Peptide 2 Motif","volume":"58","author":"Klug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112847","article-title":"Genetic signatures in the highly virulent subtype B human immunodeficiency virus-1 conferring resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"28","author":"Honnayakanahalli Marichannegowda","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.598778","article-title":"A proteome-wide immunoinformatics tool to accelerate T-cell epitope discovery and vaccine design in the context of emerging infectious diseases: an ethnicity-oriented approach","volume":"12","author":"Oyarzun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00576-9","article-title":"Fine-mapping the immunodominant antibody epitopes on consensus sequence-based HIV-1 envelope trimer vaccine candidates","volume":"7","author":"Reiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25831","article-title":"Strategies for induction of HIV-1 envelope-reactive broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy212","article-title":"First-in-human randomized, controlled trial of mosaic HIV-1 immunogens delivered via\u00a0a\u00a0modified vaccinia ankara vector","volume":"218","author":"Baden","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030368","article-title":"Exploring HIV vaccine progress in the pre-clinical and clinical setting: from history to future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.16.10210-10217.2005","article-title":"Formaldehyde-treated, heat-inactivated virions with increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env can be used to induce high-titer neutralizing antibody responses","volume":"79","author":"Poon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.008","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of HIV","volume":"223","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)88327-2","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of REMUNE in HIV-infected Thai subjects","volume":"16","author":"Limsuwan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-66","article-title":"Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated, nef-deleted HIV-1 strains in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Gorry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.11.030","article-title":"Suppressing active replication of a live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine does not abrogate protection from challenge","volume":"489","author":"Gabriel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.030","article-title":"Targeting the latent reservoir for HIV-1","volume":"48","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70089","article-title":"HIV vaccination: Navigating the path to a transformative breakthrough-A review of current evidence","volume":"7","author":"Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.8.5087-5094.1995","article-title":"Lower in vivo mutation rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 than that predicted from the fidelity of purified reverse transcriptase","volume":"69","author":"Mansky","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01606-24","article-title":"Variability in HIV-1 transmitted\/founder virus susceptibility to combined APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G host restriction","volume":"99","author":"Gaba","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/arat\/6829446","article-title":"Advances in HIV treatment and vaccine development: emerging therapies and breakthrough strategies for long-term control","volume":"2025","author":"Okesanya","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071094","article-title":"Clinical application of adenovirus (AdV): A comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Salauddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a013003","article-title":"Adenovirus DNA replication","volume":"5","author":"Hoeben","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.4.1992-2000.2005","article-title":"Adenovirus protein VI mediates membrane disruption following capsid disassembly","volume":"79","author":"Wiethoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.06.006","article-title":"Co-option of membrane wounding enables virus penetration into cells","volume":"18","author":"Luisoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.9.5127-5135.2003","article-title":"Minimal cis-acting elements required for adenovirus genome packaging","volume":"77","author":"Ostapchuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00652-13","article-title":"The adenovirus L4-33K protein regulates both late gene expression patterns and viral DNA packaging","volume":"87","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6093563","article-title":"The adenovirus genome contributes to the structural stability of the virion","volume":"6","author":"Saha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.10.5032-5037.2004","article-title":"Activation of adenoviral gene expression by protein IX is not required for efficient virus replication","volume":"78","author":"Sargent","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.15.7131-7141.2001","article-title":"Functional analysis of adenovirus protein IX identifies domains involved in capsid stability, transcriptional activity, and nuclear reorganization","volume":"75","author":"Rosa-Calatrava","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4049-4056.1998","article-title":"Control of adenovirus early gene expression during the late phase of infection","volume":"72","author":"Fessler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.964-974.2006","article-title":"Adenovirus E1B 55-kilodalton protein is required for both regulation of mRNA export and efficient entry into the late phase of infection in normal human fibroblasts","volume":"80","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00107-10","article-title":"Adenovirus late-phase infection is controlled by a novel L4 promoter","volume":"84","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.12.9491-9502.1998","article-title":"Recombinant, replication-defective adenovirus gene transfer vectors induce cell cycle dysregulation and inappropriate expression of cyclin proteins","volume":"72","author":"Wersto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.7.6048-6055.1999","article-title":"Generation of an adenovirus vector lacking E1, e2a, E3, and all of E4 except open reading frame 3","volume":"73","author":"Gorziglia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.926-933.1998","article-title":"Production and characterization of improved adenovirus vectors with the E1, E2b, and E3 genes deleted","volume":"72","author":"Amalfitano","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01146-25","article-title":"Replication-competent adenovirus reporters utilizing endogenous viral expression architecture","volume":"99","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.10009-10022.2004","article-title":"Genome size and structure determine efficiency of postinternalization steps and gene transfer of capsid-modified adenovirus vectors in a cell-type-specific manner","volume":"78","author":"Shayakhmetov","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06165-11","article-title":"Adenovirus serotype 5-specific neutralizing antibodies target multiple hexon hypervariable regions","volume":"86","author":"Bradley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806314115","article-title":"TRIM21 mediates antibody inhibition of adenovirus-based gene delivery and vaccination","volume":"115","author":"Bottermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.01.001","article-title":"Immune responses to viral gene therapy vectors","volume":"28","author":"Shirley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122378","article-title":"Evolving horizons: adenovirus vectors\u2019 Timeless influence on cancer, gene therapy and vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Trivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B117","unstructured":"A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Proof-of-Concept Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of a 3-Dose Regimen of the Merck Adenovirus Serotype 5 HIV-1 Gag\/Pol\/Nef Vaccine (MRK AD5 HIV-1 Gag\/Pol\/Nef) in Adults at High Risk of HIV-1 Infection\n          \n          2004"},{"key":"B118","unstructured":"A multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled phase IIB test-of-concept study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a three-dose regimen of the clade B-based merck adenovirus serotype 5 HIV-1 gag\/pol\/nef vaccine in HIV-1 uninfected adults in South Africa\n          \n          2006"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq114","article-title":"An Ad5-vectored HIV-1 vaccine elicits cell-mediated immunity but does not affect disease progression in HIV-1-infected male subjects: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial (the Step study)","volume":"203","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31821acb5","article-title":"Impact of herpes simplex virus type 2 on HIV-1 acquisition and progression in an HIV vaccine trial (the Step study)","volume":"57","author":"Barnabas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis342","article-title":"Extended follow-up confirms early vaccine-enhanced risk of HIV acquisition and demonstrates waning effect over time among participants in a randomized trial of recombinant adenovirus HIV vaccine (Step Study)","volume":"206","author":"Duerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit322","article-title":"Vaccine-induced gag-specific T cells are associated with reduced viremia after HIV-1 infection","volume":"208","author":"Janes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70020-9","article-title":"Recombinant adenovirus type 5 HIV gag\/pol\/nef vaccine in South Africa: unblinded, long-term follow-up of the phase 2b HVTN 503\/Phambili study","volume":"14","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137666","article-title":"Continued follow-up of phambili phase 2b randomized HIV-1 vaccine trial participants supports increased HIV-1 acquisition among vaccinated men","volume":"10","author":"Moodie","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw093","article-title":"Lower viral loads and slower CD4+ T-cell count decline in MRKAd5 HIV-1 vaccinees expressing disease-susceptible HLA-B*58:02","volume":"214","author":"Leitman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70098-6","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the HVTN 503\/Phambili study of a clade-B-based HIV-1 vaccine in South Africa: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled test-of-concept phase 2b study","volume":"11","author":"Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.02.010","article-title":"Approaches to preventative and therapeutic HIV vaccines","volume":"17","author":"Gray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514356","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2025.2514356","article-title":"Developing the next-generation of adenoviral vector vaccines","volume":"21","author":"Sampson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156652311796150363","article-title":"Advances and future challenges in adenoviral vector pharmacology and targeting","volume":"11","author":"Khare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Gene Ther"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.22.14429-14436.2005","article-title":"CD46 is a cellular receptor for all species B adenoviruses except types 3 and 7","volume":"79","author":"Marttila","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm952","article-title":"CD46 is a cellular receptor for group B adenoviruses","volume":"9","author":"Gaggar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10766","article-title":"Vaccine protection against acquisition of neutralization-resistant SIV challenges in rhesus monkeys","volume":"482","author":"Barouch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.6290","article-title":"Immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus serotype 35 vaccine in the presence of pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity","volume":"172","author":"Barouch","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2013.823420","article-title":"Adenoviruses types, cell receptors and local innate cytokines in adenovirus infection","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B135","unstructured":"VRC 012: A phase I clinical trial of the safety and immunogenicity of an HIV-1 adenoviral vector serotype 35 vaccine: dose escalation as a single agent and prime-boost schedules with an HIV-1 adenoviral vector serotype 5 vaccine in uninfected adults\n          \n          2007"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166393","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of a rAd35-EnvA Prototype HIV-1 Vaccine in Combination with rAd5-EnvA in Healthy Adults (VRC 012)","volume":"11","author":"Crank","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B137","unstructured":"A phase 1 placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of ad26-ENVA and ad35-ENV HIV vaccines in healthy HIV-uninfected adult volunteers\n          \n          2010"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0880","article-title":"Assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of 2 novel vaccine platforms for HIV-1 prevention: A randomized trial","volume":"164","author":"Baden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B139","unstructured":"A phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost regimens utilizing recombinant adenovirus serotype 35 (rAd35) with HIV-1 clade A env insert and recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) with HIV-1 clade A or B env inserts in healthy, HIV-1-uninfected adults\n          \n          2010"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv496","article-title":"Vaccination with heterologous HIV-1 envelope sequences and heterologous adenovirus vectors increases T-cell responses to conserved regions: HVTN 083","volume":"213","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.018","article-title":"Vaccines based on replication incompetent Ad26 viral vectors: Standardized template with key considerations for a risk\/benefit assessment","volume":"39","author":"Custers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B142","unstructured":"A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled dose escalation clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 HIV-1 vaccine (Ad26.ENVA.01) in healthy, HIV-1 uninfected adults\n          \n          2008"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis671","article-title":"Characterization of humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by a recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 HIV-1 Env vaccine in healthy adults (IPCAVD 001)","volume":"207","author":"Barouch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis670","article-title":"First-in-human evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus serotype 26 HIV-1 Env vaccine (IPCAVD 001)","volume":"207","author":"Baden","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508748","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial of a bivalent recombinant glycoprotein 120 HIV-1 vaccine among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"194","author":"Pitisuttithum","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B146","unstructured":"A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase 2b Efficacy Study of a Heterologous Prime\/Boost Vaccine Regimen of Ad26.Mos4.HIV and Aluminum Phosphate-adjuvanted Clade C gp140 in Preventing HIV-1 Infection in Adult Women in Sub-Saharan Africa\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31364-3","article-title":"Evaluation of a mosaic HIV-1 vaccine in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2a clinical trial (APPROACH) and in rhesus monkeys (NHP 13-19)","volume":"392","author":"Barouch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00358-X","article-title":"Mosaic HIV-1 vaccine regimen in southern African women (Imbokodo\/HVTN 705\/HPX2008): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"24","author":"Gray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B149","unstructured":"A Randomized, Parallel-group, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Phase 1\/2a Study in Healthy HIV Uninfected Adults to Assess Safety\/Tolerability and Immunogenicity of 2 Different Prime\/Boost Regimens: Priming With Tetravalent Ad26.Mos4.HIV and Boosting With Tetravalent Ad26.Mos4.HIV and Either Clade C gp140 Plus Adjuvant OR a Combination of Mosaic and Clade C gp140 Plus Adjuvant\n          \n          2016"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac445","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ad26-vectored HIV vaccine with mosaic immunogens and a novel mosaic envelope protein in HIV-uninfected adults: A phase 1\/2a study","volume":"227","author":"Stieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B151","unstructured":"A randomized, Parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1\/2a study in healthy HIV uninfected adults to assess the safety\/tolerability and immunogenicity of 2 different prime\/boost regimens; priming with trivalent ad26.Mos.HIV and boosting with trivalent ad26.Mos.HIV and clade C gp140 plus adjuvant or priming with tetravalent ad26.Mos4.HIV and boosting with tetravalent ad26.Mos4.HIV and clade C gp140 plus adjuvant\n          \n          2016"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30229-0","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of two heterologous HIV vaccine regimens in healthy, HIV-uninfected adults (TRAVERSE): a randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1\/2a study","volume":"7","author":"Baden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"B153","unstructured":"A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase 3 Efficacy Study of a Heterologous Vaccine Regimen of Ad26.Mos4.HIV and Adjuvanted Clade C gp140 and Mosaic gp140 to Prevent HIV-1 Infection Among Cis-gender Men and Transgender Individuals Who Have Sex With Cis-gender Men and\/or Transgender Individuals\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00398-0","article-title":"The need for novel approaches to HIV-1 vaccine development","volume":"24","author":"Lehmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.111","article-title":"Analysis of T cell responses to chimpanzee adenovirus vectors encoding HIV gag-pol-nef antigen","volume":"33","author":"Herath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040385","article-title":"A novel chimpanzee adenovirus vector with low human seroprevalence: improved systems for vector derivation and comparative immunogenicity","volume":"7","author":"Dicks","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03175","article-title":"A novel vaccine strategy employing serologically different chimpanzee adenoviral vectors for the prevention of HIV-1 and HCV coinfection","volume":"9","author":"Hartnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B158","unstructured":"A phase I dose escalation open label trial to assess safety and immunogenicity of candidate chAdOx1- and MVA- vectored conserved mosaic HIV-1 vaccines given sequentially to healthy HIV-1 negative adult volunteers in oxford, UK\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100956","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1-MVA-vectored conserved mosaic HIVconsvX candidate T-cell vaccines in HIV-CORE 005.2, an open-label, dose-escalation, first-in-human, phase 1 trial in adults living without HIV-1 in the UK","volume":"6","author":"Borthwick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B160","unstructured":"A phase 1 trial of chAdOx1- and MVA-vectored conserved mosaic HIV-1 vaccines in healthy, adult HIV-1-negative volunteers in eastern and southern africa\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101041","article-title":"Safety and broad immunogenicity of HIVconsvX conserved mosaic candidate T-cell vaccines vectored by ChAdOx1 and MVA in HIV-CORE 006: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial in healthy adults living without HIV-1 in eastern and southern Africa","volume":"6","author":"Chanda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B162","unstructured":"A phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled safety, tolerability and immunogenicity study of candidate HIV-1 vaccines DNA.HTI, MVA.HTI and chAdOx1.HTI in early treated HIV-1 positive individuals\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02060-2","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity and effect on viral rebound of HTI vaccines in early treated HIV-1 infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial","volume":"28","author":"Bailon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B164","unstructured":"A phase IIa randomised, Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of HIV-1 vaccines MVA.HTI and chAdOx1.HTI with TLR7 agonist vesatolimod (GS-9620) in early treated HIV-1 infection\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57284-w","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity and effect on viral rebound of HTI vaccines combined with a TLR7 agonist in early-treated HIV-1 infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2a trial","volume":"16","author":"Bailon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3382-3390.2005","article-title":"Identification of sites in adenovirus hexon for foreign peptide incorporation","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05760-11","article-title":"Identification of adenovirus serotype 5 hexon regions that interact with scavenger receptors","volume":"86","author":"Khare","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7179","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies to adenovirus serotype 5 vaccine vectors are directed primarily against the adenovirus hexon protein","volume":"174","author":"Sumida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03850-13","article-title":"Increased mucosal CD4+ T cell activation in rhesus macaques following vaccination with an adenoviral vector","volume":"88","author":"Bukh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B170","unstructured":"A phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled dose escalation clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 HVR48 HIV-1 vaccine (Ad5HVR48.ENVA.01) in healthy, HIV-1 uninfected adults (Ad5HVR48.ENVA.01 (rAd5HVR48) HIV-1\/IPCAVD-002 vaccine study)\n          \n          2008"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu217","article-title":"First-in-human evaluation of a hexon chimeric adenovirus vector expressing HIV-1 Env (IPCAVD 002)","volume":"210","author":"Baden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.20.10780-10789.2003","article-title":"Oral vaccination of mice with adenoviral vectors is not impaired by preexisting immunity to the vaccine carrier","volume":"77","author":"Xiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a010199","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a010199","article-title":"Poxvirus DNA replication","volume":"5","author":"Moss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.390054","article-title":"Pervasive initiation and 3\u2019-end formation of poxvirus postreplicative RNAs","volume":"287","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030272","article-title":"Frequency of adverse events after vaccination with different vaccinia strains","volume":"3","author":"Kretzschmar","year":"2006","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.049","article-title":"Poxviruses deploy genomic accordions to adapt rapidly against host antiviral defenses","volume":"150","author":"Elde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9065-8_11","article-title":"Poxviruses as gene therapy vectors: generating poxviral vectors expressing therapeutic transgenes","volume":"1937","author":"Conrad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006182","article-title":"Boosting of HIV envelope CD4 binding site antibodies with long variable heavy third complementarity determining region in the randomized double blind RV305 HIV-1 vaccine trial","volume":"13","author":"Easterhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1513439","article-title":"Poxviral promoters for improving the immunogenicity of MVA delivered vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Alharbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.022","article-title":"Effects of different promoters on the virulence and immunogenicity of a HIV-1 Env-expressing recombinant vaccinia vaccine","volume":"32","author":"Isshiki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.091","article-title":"Utilizing poxviral vectored vaccines for antibody induction-progress and prospects","volume":"31","author":"Draper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328363d389","article-title":"Development of replication-competent viral vectors for HIV vaccine delivery","volume":"8","author":"Parks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01641272","article-title":"Abstammung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung des attenuierten Vaccinia-Stammes MVA","volume":"3","author":"Mayr","year":"1975","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B184","first-page":"24","article-title":"Changes in the vaccinia virus through continuing passages in chick embryo fibroblast cultures","volume":"195","author":"Mayr","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00756-10","article-title":"Introduction of the six major genomic deletions of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) into the parental vaccinia virus is not sufficient to reproduce an MVA-like phenotype in cell culture and in mice","volume":"84","author":"Meisinger-Henschel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718324","article-title":"Evaluation of the thymidine kinase (tk) locus as an insertion site in the highly attenuated vaccinia MVA strain","volume":"141","author":"Scheiflinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.07.001","article-title":"Modified vaccinia virus ankara: history, value in basic research, and current perspectives for vaccine development","volume":"97","author":"Volz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060870","article-title":"Vaccinia virus: mechanisms supporting immune evasion and successful long-term protective immunity","volume":"16","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.05.014","article-title":"Early viral protein synthesis is necessary for NF-kappaB activation in modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-infected 293 T fibroblast cells","volume":"390","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00975.x","article-title":"Smallpox vaccines: targets of protective immunity","volume":"239","author":"Moss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000183","article-title":"Modification of promoter spacer length in vaccinia virus as a strategy to control the antigen expression","volume":"96","author":"Di Pilato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00801-z","article-title":"MVA-based vaccine candidates encoding the native or prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike reveal differential immunogenicity in humans","volume":"9","author":"Mayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abo0226","article-title":"A modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine expressing spike and nucleocapsid protects rhesus macaques against SARS-CoV-2 Delta infection","volume":"7","author":"Routhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv046","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia Ankara-based HIV-1 vaccine (MVA-B) in HIV-1-infected patients alone or in combination with a drug to reactivate latent HIV-1","volume":"70","author":"Mothe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00637-12","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of DNA prime and modified vaccinia ankara virus-HIV subtype C vaccine boost in healthy adults","volume":"20","author":"Hayes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02259-y","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an HIV vaccine trial with DNA prime and replicating vaccinia boost","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.018","article-title":"Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) effectively boosts DNA-primed HIV-specific immune responses in humans despite pre-existing vaccinia immunity","volume":"27","author":"Gudmundsdotter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040208","article-title":"An MVA vector expressing HIV-1 envelope under the control of a potent vaccinia virus promoter as a promising strategy in HIV\/AIDS vaccine design","volume":"7","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(97)00226-0","article-title":"Enhancement of MHC class I-restricted peptide-specific T cell induction by a DNA prime\/MVA boost vaccination regime","volume":"16","author":"Hanke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79626","article-title":"Design and construction of an experimental HIV-1 vaccine for a year-2000 clinical trial in Kenya","volume":"6","author":"Hanke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82493-0","article-title":"Clinical experience with plasmid DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade A vaccine focusing on T-cell induction","volume":"88","author":"Hanke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B202","unstructured":"A Phase I Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of pGA2\/JS7 DNA Vaccine and Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara\/HIV62 Vaccine in Healthy, HIV-1-Uninfected Adult Participants\n          \n          2006"},{"key":"B203","unstructured":"A Phase 2a Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Prime-boost Vaccine Regimen of pGA2\/JS7 DNA and MVA\/HIV62, in Healthy, HIV Uninfected Vaccinia-naive Adult Participants\n          \n          2009"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq105","article-title":"Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity testing of DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara vaccines expressing HIV-1 virus-like particles","volume":"203","author":"Goepfert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu003","article-title":"Specificity and 6-month durability of immune responses induced by DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara vaccines expressing HIV-1 virus-like particles","volume":"210","author":"Goepfert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B206","unstructured":"A phase 1 placebo controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a prime-boost vaccine regimen of GEO-D03 DNA and MVA\/HIV62B vaccines in healthy, HIV-1-uninfected vaccinia naive adult participants\n          \n          2012"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179597","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a novel Clade B HIV-1 vaccine combination: Results of phase 1 randomized placebo controlled trial of an HIV-1 GM-CSF-expressing DNA prime with a modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine boost in healthy HIV-1 uninfected adults","volume":"12","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.039","article-title":"Design and evaluation of multi-gene, multi-clade HIV-1 MVA vaccines","volume":"27","author":"Earl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B209","unstructured":"Phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of TBC-M4 (MVA based HIV vaccine) alone or in a prime-boost regimen with ADVAX, DNA HIV vaccine\n          \n          2009"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0096","article-title":"A Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant HIV type 1 subtype C-modified vaccinia Ankara virus vaccine candidate in Indian volunteers","volume":"25","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"B211","unstructured":"A Phase I Study of MVA-B in Healthy Volunteers at Low Risk of HIV Infection\n          \n          2008"},{"key":"B212","unstructured":"A double-blind phase I study to evaluate the safety of the HIV-1 vaccine MVA-B in chronic HIV-1 infected patients successfully treated with HAART\n          \n          \n          2011"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141456","article-title":"A phase I randomized therapeutic MVA-B vaccination improves the magnitude and quality of the T cell immune responses in HIV-1-infected subjects on HAART","volume":"10","author":"Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B214","unstructured":"A phase I study of modified vaccinia ankara with mosaic HIV inserts in healthy, HIV-uninfected adults, some of whom have previously received an adenovirus type 26 ENVA.01 vaccine\n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1675518","article-title":"Aiming for protective T-cell responses: a focus on the first generation conserved-region HIVconsv vaccines in preventive and therapeutic clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Hanke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.353-366.2004","article-title":"The genome of canarypox virus","volume":"78","author":"Tulman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004360","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a subtype C ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) vaccine prime plus bivalent subtype C gp120 vaccine boost adjuvanted with MF59 or alum in healthy adults without HIV (HVTN 107): A phase 1\/2a randomized trial","volume":"21","author":"Moodie","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024254","article-title":"A double-blind randomized phase I clinical trial targeting ALVAC-HIV vaccine to human dendritic cells","volume":"6","author":"Eller","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02386-13","article-title":"The canarypox virus vector ALVAC induces distinct cytokine responses compared to the vaccinia virus-based vectors MVA and NYVAC in rhesus monkeys","volume":"88","author":"Teigler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.018","article-title":"CD40L expressed from the canarypox vector, ALVAC, can boost immunogenicity of HIV-1 canarypox vaccine in mice and enhance the in vitro expansion of viral specific CD8+ T cell memory responses from HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003117","article-title":"Antibody and cellular responses to HIV vaccine regimens with DNA plasmid as compared with ALVAC priming: An analysis of two randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Moodie","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw059","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a randomized phase 1 prime-boost trial with ALVAC-HIV (vCP205) and oligomeric glycoprotein 160 from HIV-1 strains MN and LAI-2 adjuvanted in alum or polyphosphazene","volume":"213","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B223","unstructured":"A Phase III Trial of Aventis Pasteur Live Recombinant ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) Priming With VaxGen gp120 B\/E (AIDSVAX B\/E) Boosting in HIV-uninfected Thai Adults\n          \n          2005"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027837","article-title":"Safety and reactogenicity of canarypox ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) and HIV-1 gp120 AIDSVAX B\/E vaccination in an efficacy trial in Thailand","volume":"6","author":"Pitisuttithum","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908492","article-title":"Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand","volume":"361","author":"Rerks-Ngarm","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111334","article-title":"CD8 and CD4 epitope predictions in RV144: no strong evidence of a T-cell driven sieve effect in HIV-1 breakthrough sequences from trial participants","volume":"9","author":"Dommaraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196397","article-title":"Characterization of HIV-1 gp120 antibody specificities induced in anogenital secretions of RV144 vaccine recipients after late boost immunizations","volume":"13","author":"Akapirat","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01164-14","article-title":"Analysis of HLA A*02 association with vaccine efficacy in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial","volume":"88","author":"Gartland","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422258","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an HIV subtype B and E prime-boost vaccine combination in HIV-negative Thai adults","volume":"190","author":"Nitayaphan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.076","article-title":"The potential impact of an HIV vaccine\u00a0with rapidly waning protection on the epidemic in Southern Africa: examining\u00a0the RV144 trial results","volume":"29","author":"Andersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B231","unstructured":"Randomized, Double Blind Evaluation of Late Boost Strategies for HIV-uninfected Participants in the HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trial RV 144: \u201cAventis Pasteur Live Recombinant ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) Priming With VaxGen gp120 B\/E (AIDSVAX B\/E) Boosting in HIV-uninfected Thai Adults\u201d\n          \n          2011"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix099","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind evaluation of late boost strategies for HIV-uninfected vaccine recipients in the RV144 HIV vaccine efficacy trial","volume":"215","author":"Rerks-Ngarm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011359","article-title":"Viral vector delivered immunogen focuses HIV-1 antibody specificity and increases durability of the circulating antibody recall response","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.104","article-title":"Phase III HIV vaccine trial in Thailand: a step toward a protective vaccine for HIV","volume":"9","author":"Vaccari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30406-0","article-title":"Late boosting of the RV144 regimen with AIDSVAX B\/E and ALVAC-HIV in HIV-uninfected Thai volunteers: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Pitisuttithum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"B236","unstructured":"A Multisite Phase II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of ALVAC-HIV vCP1452 Alone and Combined With MN rgp120\n          \n          2001"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90752-B","article-title":"NYVAC: a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus","volume":"188","author":"Tartaglia","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025674","article-title":"Improved NYVAC-based vaccine vectors","volume":"6","author":"Kibler","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02108-05","article-title":"Cellular and biochemical differences between two attenuated poxvirus vaccine candidates (MVA and NYVAC) and role of the C7L gene","volume":"80","author":"Najera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01260-09","article-title":"Vaccinia virus K1L and C7L inhibit antiviral activities induced by type I interferons","volume":"83","author":"Meng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200011100-00005","article-title":"Cross-protection in NYVAC-HIV-1-immunized\/HIV-2-challenged but not in NYVAC-HIV-2-immunized\/SHIV-challenged rhesus macaques","volume":"14","author":"Patterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03135-15","article-title":"Potential to streamline heterologous DNA prime and NYVAC\/protein boost HIV vaccine regimens in rhesus macaques by employing improved antigens","volume":"90","author":"Asbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.11.051","article-title":"Generation and immunogenicity of novel HIV\/AIDS vaccine candidates targeting HIV-1 Env\/Gag-Pol-Nef antigens of clade C","volume":"25","author":"Gomez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.083","article-title":"EV01: a phase I trial in healthy HIV negative volunteers to evaluate a clade C HIV vaccine, NYVAC-C undertaken by the EuroVacc Consortium","volume":"26","author":"Bart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071331","article-title":"An HIV-1 clade C DNA prime, NYVAC boost vaccine regimen induces reliable, polyfunctional, and long-lasting T cell responses","volume":"205","author":"Harari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.072","article-title":"EV02: a Phase I trial to compare the safety and immunogenicity of HIV DNA-C prime-NYVAC-C boost to NYVAC-C alone","volume":"26","author":"McCormack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01265-15","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison of poxvirus NYVAC and ALVAC vectors expressing identical HIV-1 clade C immunogens in prime-boost combination with env protein in nonhuman primates","volume":"89","author":"Garcia-Arriaza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02035-17","article-title":"Immunogenicity of NYVAC prime-protein boost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope vaccination and simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge of nonhuman primates","volume":"92","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B249","unstructured":"A Phase 1b Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Heterologous Prime\/Boost Vaccine Regimens (NYVAC-B\/rAd5 vs. rAd5\/NYVAC-B) in Healthy, HIV-1 Uninfected, Ad5 Seronegative Adult Participants\n          \n          2009"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75894","article-title":"HIV-specific humoral responses benefit from stronger prime in phase Ib clinical trial","volume":"124","author":"Bart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B251","unstructured":"A phase 1 double blind placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and to compare the priming ability of NYVAC alone versus NYVAC + AIDSVAX\n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30262-0","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a multivalent HIV vaccine comprising envelope protein with either DNA or NYVAC vectors (HVTN 096): a phase 1b, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Pantaleo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1720342\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T05:39:28Z","timestamp":1771911568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1720342\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":252,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1720342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1720342","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"article-number":"1720342"}}