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To clarify the role of host factors in these steps, we present human adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus as representative non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, respectively, as models to elucidate their life cycles, focusing on how host factors mediate their distinct internalization processes. We further categorized the host factors involved in the internalization of other common respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses, influenza A virus, and human metapneumovirus. By analyzing the virus\u2013host interaction mechanisms underlying these processes, this review provides critical insights for developing broad-spectrum antiviral therapies targeting conserved host factors that govern viral internalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1724561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T05:22:21Z","timestamp":1768540941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Internalization-related host factors of common respiratory viruses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiuchi","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Core Technologies for the Prevention and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Children, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Research Center for 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