{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:18:21Z","timestamp":1793513901905,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare invasive tumor and characterized by the formation of tumor emboli within dermal lymphatic vessels. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key factor in IBC aggressiveness, but its heterogeneity and intercellular role remain incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify immune infiltration-associated genes. We also depicted cellular communication networks and specific ligand-receptor signaling pathways using the single-cell transcriptomics analysis of IBC and non-IBC samples. Finally, we verified the expression of key proteins by immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Through the intersection of WGCNA module genes and differentially expressed genes between pathological complete response and residual disease samples,\n                      <jats:italic>GZMB<\/jats:italic>\n                      was identified as hub gene which is related to immune infiltration and efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy in IBC. In IBC cohort, patients with high expression of\n                      <jats:italic>GZMB<\/jats:italic>\n                      harbored more immunosuppressive cells thus showed unfavorable prognosis compared with\n                      <jats:italic>GZMB<\/jats:italic>\n                      -low expression group (p&amp;lt;0.05). Subsequent to dimension reduction and clustering, 12 clusters were identified to construct the single-cell atlas between IBC and non-IBC samples. Cellular communication analysis unveiled the heterogeneity of cell communication in IBC. The proportion of immune cells was significantly lower than that of malignant epithelial cells in the cellular composition of IBC. Moreover, it indicated that\n                      <jats:italic>SPP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were specific in IBC and associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment in IBC. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested that protein levels of\n                      <jats:italic>GZMB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>SPP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      tended to be higher in the samples from patients with residual disease compared to the patient achieving pathological complete response, though this observation is based on an extremely small sample size.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identifies GZMB and SPP1 as potential immunosuppressive-related prognostic biomarkers in IBC patients, reveals the key role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in remodeling of immunosuppressive microenvironment in IBC.<\/jats:p>\n                  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