{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:18:04Z","timestamp":1793812684007,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is a peculiar entity, with distinct patient, tumor, and biological characteristics, and a different prognosis compared to HPV-negative (HPV-) OPSCC. Due to the rising incidence, there is a need to develop novel therapeutic approaches, especially considering the long-term morbidities of traditional treatments such as surgery and chemoradiotherapy. In this regard, therapeutic vaccines targeting HPV epitopes have been put at the forefront of the immunotherapeutic strategies for HPV+ OPSCC. Multiple clinical trials are investigating their efficacy and safety in the advanced setting, more frequently as a combination therapy. As for the early setting, HPV therapeutic vaccines could represent a strategy to further deepen responses and to facilitate de-escalation of standard treatment. This review aims to provide the clinician with useful and up-to-date information on the current advances in this field. To that end, we will provide the results of the main ongoing\/completed clinical trials including patients with OPSCC, focusing on immunogenicity and clinical benefit, in both early and advanced setting. We will also map the challenges and limitations in this area to guide future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1727804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:32:09Z","timestamp":1768804329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Therapeutic vaccines targeting HPV epitopes in human papillomavirus \u2013 positive oropharyngeal cancer: a critical review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Carlo","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerina","family":"Denaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Ghidini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Funda","family":"Goker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa (UOC) Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Ayd\u0131n University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Garrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo Bruno","family":"Giann\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Del Fabbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa (UOC) Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca Martino","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa (UOC) Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Paderno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00603-7","article-title":"HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management","volume":"19","author":"Lechner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.152","article-title":"Morphologic diversity in human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: catch me if you can","volume":"30","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102592","article-title":"The association of smoking and outcomes in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25767","article-title":"The epidemiology of the human papillomavirus related to oropharyngeal head and neck cancer","volume":"126","author":"Gooi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-3310","article-title":"Integrative and comparative genomic analysis of HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"21","author":"Seiwert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00560-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a staging system for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer by the International Collaboration on Oropharyngeal cancer Network for Staging (ICON-S): a multicentre cohort study","volume":"17","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31841","article-title":"The prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer is increasing regardless of sex or race, and the influence of sex and race on survival is modified by human papillomavirus tumor status","volume":"125","author":"Faraji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0038","article-title":"Incidence and demographic burden of HPV-associated oropharyngeal head and neck cancers in the United States","volume":"28","author":"Mahal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199301213280302","article-title":"Influence of cigarette smoking on the efficacy of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer","volume":"328","author":"Browman","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21758","article-title":"Consensuses, controversies, and future directions in treatment deintensification for human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"73","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602252","article-title":"Nivolumab for recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"375","author":"Ferris","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32591-7","article-title":"Pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy versus cetuximab with chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-048): A randomised, open-label, phase 3 study","volume":"394","author":"Burtness","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030634","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccination in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-A review","volume":"11","author":"Devaraja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041170","article-title":"Vaccine-based immunotherapy for oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancers","volume":"14","author":"Filippini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.6003","article-title":"Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study (OpcemISA) of the combination of ISA101b and cemiplimab versus cemiplimab for recurrent\/metastatic (R\/M) HPV16-positive oropharyngeal cancer (OPC)","volume":"42","author":"Even","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.6028","article-title":"Phase 2 study of ISA101b (peltopepimut-S) and cemiplimab in patients with advanced HPV16+ oropharyngeal cancer who failed anti-PD1 therapy","volume":"41","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.08.939","article-title":"878P Final results of a phase II study of peltopepimut-S and cemiplimab in patients with relapsed\/metastatic HPV16+ oropharyngeal cancer that progressed with prior anti-PD-1 therapy","volume":"35","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.4051","article-title":"Combining immune checkpoint blockade and tumor-specific vaccine for patients with incurable human papillomavirus 16-related cancer: A phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Massarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004232","article-title":"ISA101 and nivolumab for HPV-16+ cancer: updated clinical efficacy and immune correlates of response","volume":"10","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"FDA gives ISA101b fast track designation for HPV 16+ Oropharyngeal cancer"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1419258","article-title":"A phase Ib study to assess the safety of the human papillomavirus DNA vaccine (AMV002) in combination with durvalumab for HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Ladwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.1031","article-title":"916MO Safety and efficacy of MEDI0457 plus durvalumab in patients (pts) with human papillomavirus-associated recurrent\/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ R\/M HNSCC)","volume":"31","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1987","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of MEDI0457 plus durvalumab in patients with human papillomavirus-associated recurrent\/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-014-1640-x","article-title":"A phase I dose escalation trial of MAGE-A3- and HPV16-specific peptide immunomodulatory vaccines in patients with recurrent\/metastatic (RM) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)","volume":"64","author":"Zandberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.6005","article-title":"HB-200 arenavirus-based immunotherapy plus pembrolizumab as first-line treat- ment of patients with recurrent\/metastatic HPV16-positive head and neck cancer: Updated results","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04009-z","article-title":"PRGN-2009 and bintrafusp alfa for patients with advanced or metastatic human papillomavirus-associated cancer","volume":"74","author":"Floudas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.112981","article-title":"Phase Ib\/II trial of tipapkinogene sovacivec, a therapeutic human papillomavirus16-vaccine, in combination with avelumab in patients with advanced human papillomavirus16-positive cancers","volume":"191","author":"Borcoman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-023-01342-x","article-title":"Phase 1 study to determine the safety and dosing of autologous PBMCs modified to present HPV16 antigens (SQZ-PBMC-HPV) in HLA-A*02+ patients with HPV16+ solid tumors","volume":"41","author":"Jimeno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23738","article-title":"Final outcomes analysis of the cell product SQZ-PBMC-HPV Phase 1 trial in incurable HPV16+ solid tumors shows improved overall survival in patients with increased CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration","volume":"63","author":"Weaver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotech.2022.100295","article-title":"183P COMMANDER-001: Initial safety data from a phase I\/II dose escalation\/expansion study of SQZ-eAPC-HPV, a cell-based mRNA therapeutic cancer vaccine for HPV16+ solid tumors","volume":"16","author":"Moser","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOTECH"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.6998","article-title":"Novel combination immunotherapy and clinical activity in patients with HPV-associated cancers: A nonrandomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Floudas","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.6037","article-title":"Versatile-002: Overall survival of HPV16-positive recurrent\/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with T cell stimulating immuno- therapy PDS0101 and pembrolizumab","volume":"43","author":"Weiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"; J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.TPS6111","article-title":"VERSATILE-003: A phase 3, randomized, open-label trial of PDS0101 and pembrolizumab compared with pembrolizumab for first-line treatment of patients with HPV16-positive recurrent\/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Price","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.6004","article-title":"A phase 1 dose-escalation and expansion study of CUE-101, given as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab, in patients with recurrent\/metastatic HPV16+ head and neck squamous cell cancer (R\/M HNSCC)","volume":"42","author":"Colevas","year":"2024","journal-title":"ASCO; J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.08.1058","article-title":"999MO HARE-40: A phase I\/II trial of therapeutic HPV vaccine (BNT113) in patients with HPV16 driven carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Ottensmeier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.08.938","article-title":"877P Exploratory efficacy and translational results from the safety run in of AHEAD-MERIT, a phase II trial of first line pembrolizumab plus the fixed-antigen cancer vaccine BNT113 in advanced HPV16+ HNSCC","volume":"35","author":"Saba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.TPS6118","article-title":"Phase II trial assessing safety, efficacy and immune correlates of heterologous prime-boost with pBI-11 (IM) and TA-HPV (IM) plus pembrolizumab for advanced, PD-L1 CPS\u20211, hrHPV+ oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"42","author":"Gibson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02720-7","article-title":"A phase 1, single centre, open label, escalating dose study to assess the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a therapeutic human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA vaccine (AMV002) for HPV-associated head and neck cancer (HNC)","volume":"70","author":"Chandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1763","article-title":"Immunotherapy targeting HPV16\/18 generates potent immune responses in HPV-associated head and neck cancer","volume":"25","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.6061","article-title":"Initial results of MC200710 investigating therapeutic vaccine (PDS0101) alone or with pembrolizumab prior to surgery or radiation therapy for locally advanced HPV associated oropharyngeal carcinoma, a phase 2 window of opportunity trial","volume":"43","author":"Routman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"LB","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2016-LB-095","article-title":"HPV E7 antigen-expressing Listeria-based immunotherapy (ADXS11-001) prior to robotic surgery for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer enhances HPV-specific T cell immunity","volume":"76","author":"Krupar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5639","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2018-5639","article-title":"Changes in local and peripheral T cell diversity after HPV E7 antigen-expressing Listeria-based immunotherapy (ADXS11-001) prior to robotic surgery for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"78","author":"Krupar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"ADXS 11\u2013001 vaccination prior to robotic surgery, HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer\n          \n          \n            \n              Sikora\n              A"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005016","article-title":"Intradermal vaccination of HPV-16 E6 synthetic peptides conjugated to an optimized Toll-like receptor 2 ligand shows safety and potent T cell immunogenicity in patients with HPV-16 positive (pre-)malignant lesions","volume":"10","author":"Speetjens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.6017","article-title":"Neoadjuvant HPV16-specific arenavirus-based immunotherapy HB-200 plus chemotherapy followed by response-stratified de-intensification in HPV16+ oro- pharyngeal cancer: TARGET-HPV","volume":"42","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"; J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.e18086","article-title":"Safety of administration of CUE-101, a novel HPV16 E7-pHLA-IL2-Fc fusion protein, before curative-intent treatment in patients with HPV16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Puram","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.TPS6124","article-title":"Phase II trial of immunotherapeutic HPV vaccine PRGN-2009 with pembrolizumab before standard treatment in subjects with newly diagnosed HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"42","author":"Bracken-Clarke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotech.2024.100786","article-title":"157P Preliminary results of a multicentric randomized phase I\/IIa trial of an immunotherapy targeting dendritic cells (DC), CD40HVac, in patients with HPV16-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC)","volume":"24","author":"Even","year":"2024","journal-title":"IOTECH"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.6075","article-title":"Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab, GX-188E, and GX-I7 in patients with human papillomavirus- 16- and\/or 18-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Single-arm, phase 2 trial with single cell transcriptomic analysis and artificial intelligence-powered spatial analysis","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"PDS biotechnology granted FDA fast track designation for lead candidate PDS0101"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00013-X","article-title":"HNCIG-EPIC group. Prognostic implications of p16 and HPV discordance in oropharyngeal cancer (HNCIG-EPIC-OPC): a multicentre, multinational, individual patient data analysis","volume":"24","author":"Mehanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"VIII1","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv513.01","article-title":"1PD Immunotherapy with INO-3112 (HPV16 and HPV18 plasmids + IL-12 DNA) in human papillomavirus (HPV) associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCa)","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01557-7","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7497\/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0046","article-title":"Fueling the engine and releasing the break: combinational therapy of cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Kleponis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01979-x","article-title":"Cold and hot tumors: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879580","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1879580","article-title":"Is 'conflict of interest' a Misnomer? Managing interests in immunization research and evaluation","volume":"18","author":"McClymont","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30261-4","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients' sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Conforti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111262","article-title":"Novel antigenic targets of HPV therapeutic vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Boilesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03862-z","article-title":"Functional HPV-specific PD-1+ stem-like CD8 T cells in head and neck cancer","volume":"597","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1727804\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:32:14Z","timestamp":1768804334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1727804\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1727804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1727804","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"article-number":"1727804"}}