{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:26:19Z","timestamp":1790087179250,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, for which no cure currently exists. The gut microbiota play a critical role in ameliorating IBD, and\n                      <jats:italic>Eubacterium limosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      has emerged as a potential probiotic with anti-inflammatory properties. However, the specific anti-inflammatory effects of\n                      <jats:italic>E. limosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>E. limosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain El1405 was utilized to evaluate its effects on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced murine colitis. The structural changes in intestinal microbiota were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Inflammatory cytokines in the colon and serum were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while metabolomics was employed to analyze metabolites present in both the colon and serum.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The supplementation with\n                      <jats:italic>E. limosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      El1405 significantly reduced the disease activity index, colon shortening, and colonic histopathological lesions. El1405 reshaped the intestinal microbiota community structure, resulting in a significant increase in the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides acidifaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Mucispirillum schaedleri, Phocaeicola vulgatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (formerly\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides vulgatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while concurrently decreasing the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The\n                      <jats:italic>E. limosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      intervention downregulated IL-17 signaling and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines associated with IL-17 signaling, including IL-6, IL-17, TNF-\u03b1, IL-21, IL-22, and GM-CSF.\n                      <jats:italic>E. limosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      could induce anti-inflammatory effects by altering the serum metabolome of mice, especially producing anti-inflammatory metabolites such as indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-lactic acid.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of\n                      <jats:italic>E. limosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      El1405 on DSS-induced colitis in mice, by modulating gut microbiota, reducing inflammatory cytokines in the colon and serum, and increasing anti-inflammatory metabolites in the serum. All contribute to the downregulation of IL-17 signaling and the alleviation of colitis.\n                      <jats:italic>E. limosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      supplementation may represent a promising probiotic candidate for IBD prevention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1728808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:17:27Z","timestamp":1765862247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Eubacterium limosum modulates gut microbiota and produces anti-inflammatory metabolites to alleviate DSS-induced colitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianhua","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiting","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i42.5751","article-title":"Global burden of inflammatory bowel disease 1990-2019: a systematic examination of the disease burden and twenty-year forecast","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4137\/CGast.S12731","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: An expanding global health problem","volume":"6","author":"M\u2019Koma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030747","article-title":"Exploring the pipeline of novel therapies for inflammatory bowel disease; state of the art review","volume":"11","author":"Zurba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.773105","article-title":"Features of gut microbiome associated with responses to fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103774","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"137","author":"Aggeletopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.110","article-title":"The IBD interactome: an integrated view of aetiology, pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"14","author":"De Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap8914","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition and functional changes in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Vich Vila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0454-4","article-title":"The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.025403","article-title":"Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"53","author":"Ott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14129","article-title":"Comparison of the microbial community structure between inflamed and non-inflamed sites in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Hirano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000441768","article-title":"Reduced abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria species in the fecal microbial community in crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"93","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Lavelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp090168","article-title":"Probiotics","volume":"67","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Health-Syst Pharm AJHP Off J Am Soc Health-Syst Pharm"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.12.005","article-title":"Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: Microbial modulation and therapeutic prospects","volume":"31","author":"Vallejos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1036196","article-title":"Bacteroides vulgatus attenuates experimental mice colitis through modulating gut microbiota and immune responses","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01607-24","article-title":"Gut commensal Alistipes shahii improves experimental colitis in mice with reduced intestinal epithelial damage and cytokine secretion","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1574548","article-title":"Weissella confusa alleviates experimental colitis in mice by regulating inflammatory pathways and gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111308","article-title":"Enterobacter ludwigii protects DSS-induced colitis through choline-mediated immune tolerance","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108279","article-title":"Lactobacillus-derived indole-3-lactic acid ameliorates colitis in cesarean-born offspring via activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"26","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2329147","article-title":"Indole-3-acetic acid alleviates DSS-induced colitis by promoting the production of R-equol from Bifidobacterium pseudolongum","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1802866","article-title":"Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus Eubacterium and their various contributions to gut health","volume":"12","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03330-22","article-title":"Amelioration of colitis by a gut bacterial consortium producing anti-inflammatory secondary bile acids","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612053381675","article-title":"The beneficial effects of microflora, especially obligate anaerobes, and their products on the colonic environment in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Kanauchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i7.1071","article-title":"Eubacterium limosum ameliorates experimental colitis and metabolite of microbe attenuates colonic inflammatory action with increase of mucosal integrity","volume":"12","author":"Kanauchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"wraf130","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf130","article-title":"Eubacterium limosum modulates tumor microenvironments and produces antitumor metabolites active against colorectal cancer","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.01.028","article-title":"Efficacy of drugs used in the treatment of IBD and combinations thereof in acute DSS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"92","author":"Sann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.20359","article-title":"rSj16 protects against DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting the PPAR-\u03b1 Signaling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy281","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ameliorates colon inflammation in preclinical models of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Delday","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109899","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide elicits anti-tumor activity by inhibiting polarization of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages via notch signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"117","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205460119","article-title":"Attenuation of relapsing fever neuroborreliosis in mice by IL-17A blockade","volume":"119","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04698-22","article-title":"Disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier induced by high fructose and restraint stress is regulated by the intestinal microbiota and microbiota metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461","article-title":"Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST","volume":"26","author":"Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinforma Oxf Engl"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3122","article-title":"StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads","volume":"33","author":"Pertea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2017.08.007","article-title":"How many differentially expressed genes: a perspective from the comparison of genotypic and phenotypic distances","volume":"110","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16166","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: high-dose oral thiamine versus placebo for chronic fatigue in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"53","author":"Bager","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13622","article-title":"Effect of riboflavin-producing bacteria against chemically induced colitis in mice","volume":"124","author":"Levit","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107208","article-title":"The beneficial effect of vanillic acid on ulcerative colitis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Basel Switz"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123063","article-title":"Versatile inulin\/trans-ferulic acid\/silk sericin nanoparticles-nourished probiotic complex with prolonged intestinal retention for synergistic therapy of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"350","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.01.007","article-title":"Synergistic role of gut-microbial L-ornithine in enhancing ustekinumab efficacy for crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.733992","article-title":"The gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.818902","article-title":"Gut microbiota is a potential biomarker in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1304232","article-title":"Bacteroides acidifaciens and its derived extracellular vesicles improve DSS-induced colitis","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.004","article-title":"Mucispirillum schaedleri Antagonizes Salmonella Virulence to Protect Mice against Colitis","volume":"25","author":"Herp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00078-24","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides distasonis synergistically protect from colitis by promoting ILC3 in the gut","volume":"15","author":"Gaifem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2281011","article-title":"Butyrate reduces adherent-invasive E. coli-evoked disruption of epithelial mitochondrial morphology and barrier function: involvement of free fatty acid receptor 3","volume":"15","author":"Hamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61172-8","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis induces inflammatory bowel disease in interleukin-10 knockout mice","volume":"160","author":"Balish","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.06.016","article-title":"p53 mediates TNF-induced epithelial cell apoptosis in IBD","volume":"181","author":"Goretsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622934","article-title":"Role of the IL23\/IL17 pathway in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040433","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii reduces intestinal inflammation and rebalances splenic treg\/Th17 responses in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxid Basel Switz"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.06.007","article-title":"Triptolide ameliorates IL-10-deficient mice colitis by mechanisms involving suppression of IL-6\/STAT3 signaling pathway and down-regulation of IL-17","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa124","article-title":"Faecal biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases: calprotectin versus lipocalin-2-a comparative study","volume":"15","author":"Zollner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167279","article-title":"Lipocalin-2-mediated intestinal epithelial cells pyroptosis via NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3\/GSDMD signaling axis adversely affects inflammation in colitis","volume":"1870","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1307394","article-title":"Exploring the role of IL-1\u03b2 in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Aggeletopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.06.017","article-title":"The interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family\u2013balance between agonists and antagonists in inflammatory diseases","volume":"76","author":"Palomo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02566","article-title":"The role of NLRP3 and IL-1\u03b2 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1007155525020","article-title":"Activation of NFkappaB is necessary for IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"209","author":"Nakao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000234133.97594.04","article-title":"Enhanced expression of MMP-7 and MMP-13 in inflammatory bowel disease: a precancerous potential","volume":"12","author":"Rath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201202100","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 13 modulates intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in inflammatory diseases by activating TNF","volume":"5","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705268104","article-title":"IL-6-dependent and -independent pathways in the development of interleukin 17-producing T helper cells","volume":"104","author":"Kimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2017.1363884","article-title":"Biologics that inhibit the Th17 pathway and related cytokines to treat inflammatory disorders","volume":"17","author":"Balato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132710","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 cells","volume":"27","author":"Korn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705100200","article-title":"IL-21 is produced by Th17 cells and drives IL-17 production in a STAT3-dependent manner","volume":"282","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005481","article-title":"IL-22 restrains tapeworm-mediated protection against experimental colitis via regulation of IL-25 expression","volume":"12","author":"Reyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11304-8","article-title":"Activation of DR3 signaling causes loss of ILC3s and exacerbates intestinal inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad119","article-title":"An intestinal Th17 subset is associated with inflammation in crohn\u2019s disease and activated by adherent-invasive","volume":"17","author":"Paroni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Escherichia coli J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-022-00522-z","article-title":"Virulence factors and mechanisms of paediatric pneumonia caused by enterococcus faecalis","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20246","article-title":"Dual-association of gnotobiotic IL-10-\/- mice with 2 nonpathogenic commensal bacteria induces aggressive pancolitis","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1598334","article-title":"Tryptophan (trp) modulates gut homeostasis via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2309032120","article-title":"Bacterial indole-3-lactic acid affects epithelium-macrophage crosstalk to regulate intestinal homeostasis","volume":"120","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c01622","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-derived indole-3-lactic acid ameliorates intestinal barrier integrity through the AhR\/Nrf2\/NF-\u03baB axis","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01750-y","article-title":"Microbiota-derived indoles alleviate intestinal inflammation and modulate microbiome by microbial cross-feeding","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01326-w","article-title":"Genetic mapping of microbial and host traits reveals production of immunomodulatory lipids by Akkermansia muciniphila in the murine gut","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1728808\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:17:28Z","timestamp":1765862248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1728808\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1728808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1728808","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"article-number":"1728808"}}