{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T15:25:35Z","timestamp":1774020335343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Properdin and factor H (FH), the two regulatory proteins of the alternative complement pathway, oppose each other to maintain the complement system\u2019s activation. While properdin upregulates, FH downregulates the complement alternative pathway. The current study evaluated the expression of properdin and FH transcripts and proteins in the placental tissues and umbilical cords (UC) of preeclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) compared to normal healthy pregnancy (N).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The tissue histology of PE, GDM and RPL were observed using haematoxylin-eosin and Masson\u2019s trichrome staining. To understand the expression and distribution of properdin and FH, RT-qPCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were carried out. The expressions of two additional complement components, C3 and C5, were also detected by western blot.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The placentae from PE and GDM showed substantial collagen and fibrinoid deposition, thicker foetal blood capillaries, and a considerable number of syncytial knots. There was a significant rise in the level of properdin and significant decline in the level of FH at both mRNA and protein levels in the placentae and umbilical cord of PE compared to N; in GDM placentae, both properdin and FH were significantly elevated compared to N. In the case of RPL placentae, similar to PE, properdin expression was high while FH expression level was low. In both PE and RPL placentae, C3 and C5 levels were high, suggesting possibility of overactivation of complement proteins in the placenta.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed elevated properdin level can contribute to the heightened inflammatory response in PE, GDM and RPL placentae. Low FH and high C3 and C5 in the placenta possibly suggests dysregulated complement activation in PE and RPL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1731251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T06:30:30Z","timestamp":1770100230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential expression of complement Properdin and Factor H in the placentae and umbilical cords of mothers with Preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tamali","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University","place":["Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute","place":["Kolkata, West Bengal, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabanita","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute","place":["Kolkata, West Bengal, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyama Prasad","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medial College and Hospital","place":["Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajib","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Administration & Medical Services Department, Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College & Hospital","place":["Cooch Behar, West Benga, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taruna","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Studies and Trials Unit (CSTU), Division of Development Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, (ICMR)","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadida","family":"Yasmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University","place":["Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uday","family":"Kishore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine (CAVM), United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140066","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0066","article-title":"The placenta: a multifaceted, transient organ","volume":"370","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00040","article-title":"Placental nutrient transport and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"7","author":"Gaccioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.2.s44","article-title":"The placenta. 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