{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:21:47Z","timestamp":1789428107929,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Candida auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an emerging, multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen associated with high mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Resistance to current antifungal drugs emphasizes the need for new therapeutic approaches. We investigated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a standalone immunotherapy and in combination with a sub-therapeutic dose of micafungin in an immunosuppressed mouse model of systemic\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunosuppressed ICR CD-1 mice (4\u20136 weeks old) were infected with\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      and treated daily via intraperitoneal injection with PBS (placebo), murine GM-CSF (0.2 or 2 \u03bcg), micafungin, or both. Treatments began 24 h post-infection and continued through day 4 (GM-CSF) or day 7 (micafungin). Survival, tissue fungal burden, histopathology, and immune cell frequencies in spleen and kidneys were assessed. GM-CSF effects on neutrophil and macrophage antifungal functions were evaluated in\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GM-CSF monotherapy significantly improved survival (30\u201332% vs. 0% in controls), extended\nmedian survival time, and reduced fungal burden in the kidney, heart, and brain. Although the\ncombination therapy yielded the highest survival rate, it did not differ significantly from GM-CSF\nalone. Histopathological examination confirmed decreased fungal load and tissue damage in GM-CSF-treated mice. Additionally, GM-CSF augmented macrophage and neutrophil populations in spleen and kidney, enhanced fungal uptake and killing via reactive oxygen species and neutrophil extracellular traps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GM-CSF augments antifungal immunity and represents a promising adjunctive immunotherapy against MDR\n                      <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1731315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:32:32Z","timestamp":1768804352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adjunctive GM-CSF therapy enhances host defense against systemic Candida auris infection in immunosuppressed mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Eliciane Cevolani","family":"Mattos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor\u2013University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center","place":["Torrance, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaustav","family":"Das Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor\u2013University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center","place":["Torrance, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Quintanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor\u2013University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center","place":["Torrance, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"Hautau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor\u2013University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center","place":["Torrance, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf S.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor\u2013University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center","place":["Torrance, CA, United States"]},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles","place":["Los Angeles, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakti","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor\u2013University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center","place":["Torrance, CA, United States"]},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles","place":["Los Angeles, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw691","article-title":"Simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by whole-genome sequencing and epidemiological analyses","volume":"64","author":"Lockhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Tracking Candida auris. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-023-01239-0","article-title":"Current global status of Candida auris an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen: bibliometric analysis and network visualization","volume":"55","author":"Ettadili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Screening for Candida auris Colonization | Candida auris | Fungal Diseases | CDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30609-1","article-title":"Candida auris: a global fungal public health threat","volume":"18","author":"Meis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx480","article-title":"A multicentre study of antifungal susceptibility patterns among 350 Candida auris isolates (2009-17) in India: Role of the ERG11 and FKS1 genes in azole and echinocandin resistance","volume":"73","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008921","article-title":"Candida auris: Epidemiology, biology, antifungal resistance, and virulence","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00435-17","article-title":"In vitro activity of a novel glucan synthase inhibitor, SCY-078, against clinical isolates of Candida auris","volume":"61","author":"Berkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"An open-label study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of APX001 in patients with candidemia and\/or invasive candidiasis caused by Candida auris (APEX)\n          \n          \n          ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Open-label study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oral ibrexafungerp (SCY 078) as an emergency use treatment for patients with candidiasis, including candidemia, caused by Candida auris\n          \n          \n          ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31201-x","article-title":"Innate immune responses against the fungal pathogen Candida auris","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.2.573.573","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances selective effector functions of tissue-derived macrophages","volume":"72","author":"Coleman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.6.2983","article-title":"Activation of granulocyte cytotoxic function by purified mouse colony-stimulating factors","volume":"131","author":"Lopez","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.3.2052","article-title":"Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) enhances the capacity of murine macrophages to secrete oxygen reduction products","volume":"135","author":"Wing","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3801-3805.2004","article-title":"Antifungal activities of posaconazole and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ex vivo and in mice with disseminated infection due to Scedosporium prolificans","volume":"48","author":"Simitsopoulou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.60.5121","article-title":"Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on prevention and treatment of invasive fungal disease in recipients of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation: A prospective multicenter randomized phase IV trial","volume":"33","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500861","article-title":"G-CSF and GM-CSF in neutropenia","volume":"195","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2016.04.005","article-title":"Scedosporium apiospermum infections and the role of combination antifungal therapy and GM-CSF: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Goldman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971920226","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHuGM-CSF) in the treatment of paediatric AIDS-related cryptococcosis","volume":"8","author":"Manfredi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.8.2719","article-title":"Successful treatment of invasive aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease by bone marrow transplantation, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized granulocytes, and liposomal amphotericin-B","volume":"92","author":"Ozsahin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.12.3328-3336.2000","article-title":"Recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor modulates the course of pulmonary histoplasmosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice","volume":"44","author":"Deepe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2000.0673","article-title":"Aspergillus vertebral osteomyelitis in a child with a primary monocyte killing defect: response to GM-CSF therapy","volume":"41","author":"Abu Jawdeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect J Infect"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-12-966_2","article-title":"Candidal endocarditis and treatment with fluconazole and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor","volume":"112","author":"Martino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/LF5T-WYY7-0U3E-G8BQ","article-title":"Use of sargramostim (rh-GM-CSF) as adjunctive treatment of fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS: a pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Vazquez","year":"2000","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007460","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007460","article-title":"The NDV-3A vaccine protects mice from multidrug resistant Candida auris infection","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60876-1","article-title":"Adhesin Als4112 promotes Candida auris skin colonization through interactions with keratinocytes and extracellular matrix proteins","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9010103","article-title":"Protective Efficacy of Anti-Hyr1p Monoclonal Antibody against Systemic Candidiasis Due to Multi-Drug-Resistant Candida auris","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rs.3.rs","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7270678\/v1","article-title":"Next-generation Candida albicans recombinant Als3p and Hyr1p dual antigen vaccine for invasive Candida infections","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf8972","article-title":"A Candida auris-specific adhesin, Scf1, governs surface association, colonization, and virulence","volume":"381","author":"Santana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27034-9","article-title":"Inflammasome-mediated GSDMD activation facilitates escape of Candida albicans from macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01058","article-title":"Fluorescent tracking of yeast division clarifies the essential role of spleen tyrosine kinase in the intracellular control of Candida glabrata in macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Dagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212813120","article-title":"HDAC7 is an immunometabolic switch triaging danger signals for engagement of antimicrobial versus inflammatory responses in macrophages","volume":"120","author":"Das Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"18","author":"du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1012544","article-title":"ROS production in phagocytes: why, when, and where","volume":"94","author":"Dupr\u00e9-Crochet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297920100065","article-title":"NETosis: molecular mechanisms, role in physiology and pathology","volume":"85","author":"Vorobjeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem (Moscow)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-0492-1-13","article-title":"Neutrophil cell death in response to infection and its relation to coagulation","volume":"1","author":"Iba","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0357-7","article-title":"GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches","volume":"20","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02679","article-title":"The pleiotropic effects of the GM-CSF rheostat on myeloid cell differentiation and function: more than a numbers game","volume":"10","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.901277","article-title":"GM-CSF: A double-edged sword in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340221","article-title":"Therapeutic use of cytokines to modulate phagocyte function for the treatment of infectious diseases: Current status of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interferon-\u03b3","volume":"185","author":"H\u00fcbel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513857","article-title":"Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor: Comparisons and potential for use in the treatment of infections in nonneutropenic patients","volume":"179","author":"Root","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.1.41","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: Pleiotropic cytokine with potential clinical usefulness","volume":"12","author":"Ruef","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.180927","article-title":"Management of patients with Candida auris fungemia at community hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA, 2016-2018","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9040430","article-title":"The Mortality Attributable to Candidemia in C. auris Is Higher than That in Other Candida Species: Myth or Reality","volume":"9","author":"Alvarez-Moreno","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6901a2","article-title":"Candida auris isolates resistant to three classes of antifungal medications \u2014 New york, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Ostrowsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00406-21","article-title":"Candida auris Cell Wall Mannosylation Contributes to Neutrophil Evasion through Pathways Divergent from Candida albicans and Candida glabrata","volume":"6","author":"Horton","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012699","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics unveils skin cell specific antifungal immune responses and IL-1Ra- IL-1R immune evasion strategies of emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris","volume":"20","author":"Balakumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V74.1.26.26","article-title":"Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on myelopoiesis in patients with refractory metastatic carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Phillips","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V70.1.206.206","article-title":"Recombinant human GM-CSF induces leukocytosis and activates peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils in nonhuman primates","volume":"70","author":"Mayer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2007.05.001","article-title":"GM-CSF promotes differentiation of human dendritic cells and T lymphocytes toward a predominantly type 1 proinflammatory response","volume":"35","author":"Eksioglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(86)80095-X","article-title":"Hemopoietic effects of purified bacterially synthesized multi-CSF in normal and marrow-transplanted mice","volume":"172","author":"Metcalf","year":"1986","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90136-X","article-title":"Transgenic mice expressing a hemopoietic growth factor gene (GM-CSF) develop accumulations of macrophages, blindness, and a fatal syndrome of tissue damage","volume":"51","author":"Lang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell Cell Press"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.6.1131.1131","article-title":"Molecular physiology of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor","volume":"77","author":"Gasson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190706","article-title":"The GM-CSF-IRF5 signaling axis in eosinophils promotes antitumor immunity through activation of type 1 T cell responses","volume":"217","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7310017","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and T-cell responses: What we do and don\u2019t know","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1614396","article-title":"Directs effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on adaptive immunogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Seledtsov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01600.x","article-title":"Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in vivo on cytokine production and proliferation by spleen cells","volume":"125","author":"Khatami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1069444","article-title":"Recombinant GM-CSF for diseases of GM-CSF insufficiency: Correcting dysfunctional mononuclear phagocyte disorders","volume":"13","author":"Lazarus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156902","article-title":"Evaluating the evidence for GM-CSF as a host-directed therapy in respiratory infections","volume":"189","author":"David","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050185","article-title":"Potential utility of recombinant human GM-CSF as adjunctive treatment of refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients","volume":"17","author":"Vazquez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1731315\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:36:43Z","timestamp":1771918603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1731315\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1731315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1731315","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"article-number":"1731315"}}