{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:32:44Z","timestamp":1773225164033,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and HPV-driven cervical cancers remain a major health concern. This study aimed primarily to develop a test for assessing and characterizing HPV-specific T-cell responses, in HPV-vaccinated women and women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T-cell responses against HPV-16 and 18 L1, E6, and E7 proteins were evaluated by flow cytometry with a 24h activation-induced marker (AIM) and a 7-day lymphoproliferation (LPR) assays in 18 vaccinated and 60 CIN1 women. HPV genotyping was performed on vaginal swab samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LPR assay demonstrated higher sensitivity than AIM. T-cell response was mainly directed against L1 and was higher in CD4+ than CD8+ T cells. All vaccinated women exhibited CD4+ T-cell responses against HPV-16 and to a lesser extent HPV-18 L1. Among CIN1 patients, 46.6% and 33.3% showed HPV-16 and -18 L1-specific CD4+ responses, respectively, even when infected with other HPV strains. Responses were predominantly associated with TH1 and TH17 phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The LPR assay is a sensitive tool for detecting HPV-specific T-cell responses. The presence of T-cell responses in CIN1 patients infected with non-16\/18 HPVs suggests potential cross-reactivity among HPV genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1733404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T06:50:33Z","timestamp":1770879033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV)-specific T cell response in women with low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion and HPV vaccinated subjects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Zelini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Zavaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and 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