{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:29:52Z","timestamp":1782354592674,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease, often causes alveolar bone loss.\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a Gram-negative bacterium that has been identified in periodontal patients, but its role in periodontitis remains unclear. In the present study, we examined whether\n                    <jats:italic>N. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    exacerbates periodontitis in a mouse ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP) model and investigated its underlying molecular mechanism. Topical treatment with\n                    <jats:italic>N. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    on maxillary second molar exacerbated alveolar bone loss and worsened epithelial and periodontal ligament damage. Histological analyses showed that\n                    <jats:italic>N. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    increases tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels in the gingival tissue. Treatment with\n                    <jats:italic>N. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells, which was inhibited by polymyxin B, implying that\n                    <jats:italic>N. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a major etiologic agent in the inflammatory response. Indeed, LOS purified from\n                    <jats:italic>N. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    enhanced NO production and iNOS expression, primarily with activating Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and partially activating TLR2. LOS administration into the disto-palatal papilla near the molar further aggravated periodontitis in the LIP mouse model. These results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>N. bacilliformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a periodontal pathogen that exacerbates inflammation and alveolar bone loss, with its LOS acting as an important virulence factor via TLR2\/4 activation, leading to the production of the inflammatory mediator NO.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1735500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:31:45Z","timestamp":1767591105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neisseria bacilliformis is a periodontal pathogen exacerbating periodontitis by inducing nitric oxide production"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bo-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonjin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintaek","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Heui","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kee-Yeon","family":"Kum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ok-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hyun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3785","article-title":"Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02419.x","article-title":"Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque","volume":"25","author":"Socransky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515583531","article-title":"Pyrosequencing analysis of subgingival microbiota in distinct periodontal conditions","volume":"94","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-019-0064-z","article-title":"The cytokine network involved in the host immune response to periodontitis","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517732754","article-title":"Complex intratissue microbiota forms biofilms in periodontal lesions","volume":"97","author":"Baek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.05.006","article-title":"A rare case of Neisseria bacilliformis native valve endocarditis","volume":"73","author":"Abandeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.474-479.2006","article-title":"Neisseria bacilliformis sp. 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