{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:15:54Z","timestamp":1787026554404,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A major driver of mucosal immunity is immunoglobulin A (IgA) that can translocate across mucosal epithelial barriers to protect against various pathogens in luminal spaces of the human body. The transcytosis of IgA is primarily mediated by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), which is highly expressed in mucosal tissues and selectively transports polymeric IgA, but not IgG. IgG has been the preferred immunoglobulin isotype for therapeutic development because of its well-characterized biological functions and established manufacturing processes. Efficient transport of IgG across the epithelium into mucosal spaces is a highly desirable feature in the development of IgG-based neutralizing antibodies targeting respiratory infections. To address this challenge, we report discovery and characterization of anti-pIgR variable single-domain antibodies (V\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    H) that facilitate pIgR-mediated transcytosis with efficiency comparable to dimeric IgA in epithelial cell models. Screening a panel of anti-pIgR V\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    H-Fc molecules targeting the same epitope bin revealed correlations between binding parameters (K\n                    <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      k\n                      <jats:sub>off<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and transcytosis activity. Notably, several antibodies with highly efficient transcytosis exhibited faster dissociation rates at acidic pH relative to neutral pH, suggesting the potential of pH-dependent binding as a factor to influence the transcytosis pathway of pIgR-bound antibodies. Building on these insights, we engineered a bispecific antibody (bsAb) by fusing an anti-pIgR V\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    H to the C-terminus of an IgG heavy chain targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This bsAb efficiently transcytosed across pIgR-expressing Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and a human airway mucosal barrier model, while fully retaining RSV binding and neutralization capabilities. Our study introduces a novel strategy to enhance the mucosal distribution of systemically administered biologics, with significant implications for the development of improved antibody therapeutics against mucosal pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1739562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:17:01Z","timestamp":1770628621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unlocking binding properties of single-domain antibodies targeting the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor to enhance mucosal enrichment of IgG against respiratory syncytial virus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinyan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Vroom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soha","family":"Motlagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daoyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Worthington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne Y.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyun","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Bumbaca","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Yao","family":"Phuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalpit A.","family":"Vora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahisa","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Discovery Biologics, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc.","place":["Rahway, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1213","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and vaccines","volume":"11","author":"Holmgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3780","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by microbiota interactions with the host","volume":"18","author":"Blander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00222","article-title":"Secretory igA: designed for anti-microbial defense","volume":"4","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00090-16","article-title":"The human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00278.x","article-title":"The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor: bridging innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal surfaces","volume":"206","author":"Kaetzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-30657-9_8","article-title":"Structural insights into antibody-mediated mucosal immunity","volume":"308","author":"Hamburger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10640","article-title":"The structure and dynamics of secretory component and its interactions with polymeric immunoglobulins","volume":"5","author":"Stadtmueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1877","article-title":"The function of immunoglobulin A in immunity","volume":"208","author":"Woof","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43904-X","article-title":"Transcytosis of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor is regulated in multiple intracellular compartments","volume":"269","author":"Song","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor","volume":"2","author":"Mostov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin Cell Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.6694","article-title":"Structural requirements for the interaction of human IgA with the human polymeric Ig receptor","volume":"175","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2019.1622940","article-title":"Production, characterization, and in vivo half-life extension of polymeric IgA molecules in mice","volume":"11","author":"Lombana","year":"2019","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020151","article-title":"Therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of respiratory tract infections-current overview and perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Mayor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00664","article-title":"Regulation of immune responses by the neonatal fc receptor and its therapeutic implications","volume":"5","author":"Rath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03739-1","article-title":"Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2","volume":"596","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60206-1","article-title":"Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"375","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20180816-01","article-title":"Preventing pediatric respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"47","author":"Domachowske","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae581","article-title":"A phase 1b\/2a trial of a half-life extended respiratory syncytial virus neutralizing antibody, clesrovimab, in healthy preterm and full-term infants","volume":"231","author":"Madhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl8124","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody combination, AZD7442, is protective in nonhuman primates and has an extended half-life in humans","volume":"14","author":"Loo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708030","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2019.1708030","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of single-domain antibodies for polymeric Ig receptor-mediated mucosal delivery of biologics","volume":"12","author":"Maruthachalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0132OC","article-title":"Antibodies to the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor with different binding and trafficking patterns","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026299","article-title":"Enhancement of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor transcytosis by biparatopic VHH","volume":"6","author":"Emmerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.97844","article-title":"Enhancing IgG distribution to lung mucosal tissue improves protective effect of anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibodies","volume":"3","author":"Borrok","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987180","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2021.1987180","article-title":"Bifunctional molecules targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike and the polymeric Ig receptor display neutralization activity and mucosal enrichment","volume":"13","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38919-1_17","article-title":"The cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus model of respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"372","author":"Boukhvalova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm859","article-title":"Opinion: Building epithelial architecture: insights from three-dimensional culture models","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14482","article-title":"Intracellular sorting and transcytosis of the rat transferrin receptor antibody OX26 across the blood-brain barrier in vitro is dependent on its binding affinity","volume":"146","author":"Haqqani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0854.2000.010606.x","article-title":"Apical and basolateral endocytic pathways of MDCK cells meet in acidic common endosomes distinct from a nearly-neutral apical recycling endosome","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201008117","article-title":"Local clustering of transferrin receptors promotes clathrin-coated pit initiation","volume":"191","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00256.2010","article-title":"The air-liquid interface and use of primary cell cultures are important to recapitulate the transcriptional profile of in vivo airway epithelia","volume":"300","author":"Pezzulo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00141.2021","article-title":"A toolbox for studying respiratory viral infections using air-liquid interface cultures of human airway epithelial cells","volume":"321","author":"Michi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-063011-092449","article-title":"Nanobodies: natural single-domain antibodies","volume":"82","author":"Muyldermans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189432","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2023.2189432","article-title":"Generation of robust bispecific antibodies through fusion of single-domain antibodies on IgG scaffolds: a comprehensive comparison of formats","volume":"15","author":"Madsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(71)90033-1","article-title":"Human secretory immunoglobulins. VII. Concentrations of parotid IgA and other secretory proteins in relation to the rate of flow and duration of secretory stimulus","volume":"16","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310528200","article-title":"Ectodomains 3 and 4 of human polymeric Immunoglobulin receptor (hpIgR) mediate invasion of Streptococcus pneumoniae into the epithelium","volume":"279","author":"Elm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84ra44","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002230","article-title":"Boosting brain uptake of a therapeutic antibody by reducing its affinity for a transcytosis target","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.55.070186.003311","article-title":"Acidification of the endocytic and exocytic pathways","volume":"55","author":"Mellman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096340","article-title":"A human blood-brain barrier transcytosis assay reveals antibody transcytosis influenced by pH-dependent receptor binding","volume":"9","author":"Sade","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117690","article-title":"Gene transfer into the airway epithelium of animals by targeting the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor","volume":"95","author":"Ferkol","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.3.9907018","article-title":"Transport of bifunctional proteins across respiratory epithelial cells via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor","volume":"161","author":"Ferkol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020581","article-title":"Targeting mucosal sites by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-directed peptides","volume":"196","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508509200","article-title":"Identification of a polymeric Ig receptor binding phage-displayed peptide that exploits epithelial transcytosis without dimeric IgA competition","volume":"281","author":"Braathen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563758","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2025.2563758","article-title":"A pH-sensitive binding modality allows successful transferrin receptor-mediated transcytosis of a bivalent antibody across brain barriers","volume":"17","author":"Kuhn","year":"2025","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2024.2336068","article-title":"IgG-VHH bispecific fusion antibodies: challenges and opportunities as therapeutic agents","volume":"24","author":"Madsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0028-1","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies: a mechanistic review of the pipeline","volume":"18","author":"Labrijn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1307398","article-title":"Fc-mediated functions and the treatment of severe respiratory viral infections with passive immunotherapy - a balancing act","volume":"14","author":"Vanderven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0300-9475.2004.01456.x","article-title":"Active synthesis of mouse polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in the epithelial cells of the distal urinary tubule in kidney","volume":"60","author":"Asano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)92790-3","article-title":"Molecular cloning of the human transmembrane secretory component (poly-Ig receptor) and its mRNA expression in human tissues","volume":"158","author":"Krajci","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12137-1","article-title":"A potent broadly neutralizing human RSV antibody targets conserved site IV of the fusion glycoprotein","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","year":"2011"},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals","year":"2020"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411","article-title":"Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0","volume":"18","author":"Percie Du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40919-7","article-title":"Discovery and multimerization of cross-reactive single-domain antibodies against SARS-like viruses to enhance potency and address emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"13","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248671","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2023.2248671","article-title":"A machine learning strategy for the identification of key in silico descriptors and prediction models for IgG monoclonal antibody developability properties","volume":"15","author":"Waight","year":"2023","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2018.10.022","article-title":"Development and application of a higher throughput RSV plaque assay by immunofluorescent imaging","volume":"263","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method","volume":"3","author":"Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1739562\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:55:14Z","timestamp":1771926914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1739562\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1739562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1739562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"article-number":"1739562"}}