{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:19:47Z","timestamp":1775060387037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The comorbidity of allergic rhinitis (AR) and functional constipation (FC), termed ARFC, implies shared gut\u2013immune pathways. Although bacterial dysbiosis has been implicated, the role of the gut mycobiota (fungal community) in this specific comorbidity remains unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pilot case-control study characterized the gut mycobiota in 19 ARFC and 17 healthy control (HC) children aged 3\u20136 years using metagenomic sequencing. Fungal community structure, taxonomic composition, and correlations with IgE levels were analyzed. Cross-kingdom bacterial\u2013fungal interaction networks were constructed, and functional potential was predicted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alpha diversity was comparable, whereas beta diversity revealed significant structural shifts in the ARFC gut mycobiota. Key immunomodulatory fungi, including Cenococcum, Dentiscutata, Ambispora, and Saccharomyces, were markedly depleted in ARFC. These taxa served as top discriminators in random forest models and exhibited significant inverse correlations with total and allergen-specific IgE levels. Cross-kingdom network analysis identified dramatic ecological restructuring: the HC network was characterized by prevalent competitive interactions, whereas the ARFC network shifted exclusively to positive correlations, a state termed \u201cco-dysbiosis.\u201d No significant differences were observed in predicted KEGG functional pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first evidence that gut mycobiota dysbiosis\u2014marked by depletion of immunoregulatory fungi and an ecological shift toward cooperative interkingdom interactions (\u201cco-dysbiosis\u201d)\u2014is associated with IgE sensitization in ARFC children. These findings position the gut mycobiota as a novel element of the gut\u2013nose axis in allergic disease, warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1745580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:46:46Z","timestamp":1769150806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut mycobiota dysbiosis and an emergent state of \u201cco-dysbiosis\u201d are associated with IgE sensitization in children with comorbid allergic rhinitis and constipation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University","place":["Shenzhen, 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