{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:42:12Z","timestamp":1793932932877,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infectious diseases pose a persistent challenge to global livestock production, animal welfare, and food security, emphasizing the critical role of early host defense mechanisms in limiting viral replication and transmission. As frontline sensors of infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect viral nucleic acids and trigger antiviral innate immune responses via coordinated downstream signaling. This review summarizes the functions of three major PRR families, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway, emphasizing their involvement in detecting viral agents and activating downstream pathways, including NF-\u03baB and IRF3\/7. Particular attention is given to how these receptors function in pigs and poultry, highlighting their immune responses to economically significant viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The mechanisms by which PRRs activate interferon-mediated immune responses, as well as viral strategies to evade detection, are systematically discussed. Additionally, the review explores recent advances in understanding PRR signaling specificity across species, and their potential applications in vaccine adjuvant design or antiviral drug development are also reviewed. By integrating these insights, this work provides a theoretical foundation for improving disease prevention and control in livestock production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1746193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:45:28Z","timestamp":1769582728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pattern recognition receptors and their roles in antiviral innate immunity in livestock"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shujing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minglu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jilin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.30919\/esg1227","article-title":"A review on livestock viral disease and their management","volume":"5","author":"Prasad","year":"2024","journal-title":"ES Gen"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.03.004","article-title":"Decoding Toll-like receptors: Recent insights and perspectives in innate immunity","volume":"57","author":"Kawai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00038","article-title":"Key gaps in the knowledge of the porcine respiratory reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"6","author":"Montaner-Tarbes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927.ch25","article-title":"African swine fever virus","volume-title":"Diseases of swine","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Vizca\u00edno","year":"2019"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2343931","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infections of dairy cattle and livestock handlers in the United States of America","volume":"15","author":"Ly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Taylor Francis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.04.012","article-title":"Immune responses of poultry to Newcastle disease virus","volume":"41","author":"Kapczynski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02685-y","article-title":"Strategies and scheming: the war between PRRSV and host cells","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01951-4","article-title":"Origins and diversification of animal innate immune responses against viral infections","volume":"7","author":"Iwama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.03.022","article-title":"The porcine innate immune system: an update","volume":"45","author":"Mair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060920","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352479","article-title":"The cGAS-STING pathway in viral infections: a promising link between inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2418988122","article-title":"Structural basis for TIR domain\u2013mediated innate immune signaling by Toll-like receptor adaptors TRIF and TRAM","volume":"122","author":"Manik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01405-9","article-title":"Exploiting RIG-I-like receptor pathway for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.609543","article-title":"Analysis of porcine RIG-I like receptors revealed the positive regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 by LGP2","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.019","article-title":"New frontiers in the cGAS-STING intracellular DNA-sensing pathway","volume":"57","author":"Dvorkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6010005","article-title":"Innate immune responses to avian influenza viruses in ducks and chickens","volume":"6","author":"Evseev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6898157","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6898157","article-title":"When ASFV Infection Meets the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway","volume":"2024","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070561","article-title":"Host innate antiviral response to influenza A virus infection: from viral sensing to antagonism and escape","volume":"13","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00776-22","article-title":"Avian influenza NS1 proteins inhibit human, but not duck, RIG-I ubiquitination and interferon signaling","volume":"96","author":"Evseev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.790191","article-title":"Evasion of host antiviral innate immunity by paramyxovirus accessory proteins","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148560","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus V protein targets phosphorylated STAT1 to block IFN-I signaling","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198061","article-title":"Anti-chicken type I IFN countermeasures by major avian RNA viruses","volume":"286","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01586","article-title":"Comparative structure and function analysis of the RIG-I-like receptors: RIG-I and MDA5","volume":"10","author":"Brisse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.677634","article-title":"Porcine RIG-I and MDA5 signaling CARD domains exert similar antiviral function against different viruses","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104866","article-title":"Regulation of cGAS and STING signaling during inflammation and infection","volume":"299","author":"Chauvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001755107","article-title":"Association of RIG-I with innate immunity of ducks to influenza","volume":"107","author":"Barber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020193","article-title":"Innate Sensing of Viral Nucleic Acids and Their Use in Antiviral Vaccine Development","volume":"13","author":"Enya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7010014","article-title":"Avian pattern recognition receptor sensing and signaling","volume":"7","author":"Neerukonda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00572.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 7, 8, and 9: linking innate immunity to autoimmunity","volume":"220","author":"Krieg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1469","article-title":"Toll-like receptor downstream signaling","volume":"7","author":"Kawai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/ni758","article-title":"Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88\u2013dependent signaling pathway","volume":"3","author":"Hemmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560","article-title":"Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-\u03baB by Toll-like receptor 3","volume":"413","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.8734","article-title":"Tissue expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4 and 7 in swine in response to the Shimen strain of classical swine fever virus","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6010026","article-title":"Cellular innate immunity against PRRSV and swine influenza viruses","volume":"6","author":"Crisci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.04.009","article-title":"Unique features of chicken Toll-like receptors","volume":"41","author":"Keestra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271746","article-title":"Evaluation of different combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I: C) and imiquimod enhance immune responses to H9N2 avian influenza antigen in dendritic cells and duck","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1428713","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of toll-like receptor agonists as therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases in animals: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Oboge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148984","article-title":"TLR4 and TLR7\/8 adjuvant combinations generate different vaccine antigen-specific immune outcomes in minipigs when administered via the ID or IN routes","volume":"11","author":"McKay","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053309","article-title":"RIG-I and other RNA sensors in antiviral immunity","volume":"36","author":"Chow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.742074","article-title":"Chicken DDX1 acts as an RNA sensor to mediate IFN-\u03b2 signaling pathway activation in antiviral innate immunity","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00602-7","article-title":"Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors","volume":"18","author":"Onomoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13397","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413397","article-title":"Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) in innate immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs ligands as immunotherapeutic agents for hematopoietic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Wicherska-Paw\u0142owska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.693799","article-title":"Evasion of antiviral innate immunity by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.61838\/kman.jpsad.2.3.7","article-title":"Avian innate and adaptive immune components: a comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Mehrzad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Poult Sci Avian Dis"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109798","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein suppressed type I interferon production by interfering with the binding of MDA5-dsRNA and interacting with LGP2","volume":"284","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.464","article-title":"Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases","volume":"44","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zool Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1021384","article-title":"Porcine cGAS-STING signaling induced autophagy inhibits STING downstream IFN and apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00589-6","article-title":"Role of the cGAS\u2013STING pathway in systemic and organ-specific diseases","volume":"18","author":"Skopelja-Gardner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001110","article-title":"African swine fever virus MGF-505-7R negatively regulates cGAS\u2013STING-mediated signaling pathway","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13110957","article-title":"How Does African Swine Fever Virus Evade the cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12040407","article-title":"Deletion of MGF505-2R gene activates the cGAS-STING pathway leading to attenuation and protection against virulent African swine fever virus","volume":"12","author":"Sunwoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01578-22","article-title":"Duck enteritis virus inhibits the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway to evade the innate immune response","volume":"96","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1101335","article-title":"Duck cGAS inhibits DNA and RNA virus replication by activating IFNs and antiviral ISGs","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162573","article-title":"The chicken cGAS\u2013STING pathway exerts interferon-independent antiviral function via cell apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1428447","article-title":"Research progress on the pattern recognition receptors involved in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24190-w","article-title":"Co-infection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces early TRAF6-mediated NF-\u03baB and IRF7 signaling pathways through TLRs","volume":"12","author":"Saeng-Chuto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00336-21","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of the toll-like receptor, STING, MAVS, inflammasome, and interferon pathways","volume":"6","author":"Manes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12060776","article-title":"New insights into NF-\u03baB signaling in innate immunity: focus on immunometabolic crosstalks","volume":"12","author":"Iacobazzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.730684","article-title":"Interplay between non-canonical NF-\u03baB signaling and hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1065211","article-title":"Viruses utilize ubiquitination systems to escape TLR\/RLR-mediated innate immunity","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The nuclear factor NF-\u03baB pathway in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0545-z","article-title":"Classical swine fever virus NS5A protein changed inflammatory cytokine secretion in porcine alveolar macrophages by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2021.1902478","article-title":"NF-\u043aB pathway genes expression in chicken erythrocytes infected with avian influenza virus subtype H9N2","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0199","article-title":"Viral deubiquitinases and innate antiviral immune response in livestock and poultry","volume":"84","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2021.104026","article-title":"Chicken interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) can control ALV-J virus infection by triggering type I interferon production through affecting genes related with innate immune signaling pathway","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1511-7","article-title":"NF-\u03baB and IRF pathways: cross-regulation on target genes promoter level","volume":"16","author":"Iwanaszko","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa2630","article-title":"Phosphorylation of innate immune adaptor proteins MAVS, STING, and TRIF induces IRF3 activation","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.804264","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus evades antiviral innate immunity via MicroRNAs regulation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/joumal.pone.0133450","article-title":"Functional analysis of chicken IRF7 in response to dsRNA analog poly (I: C) by integrating overexpression and knockdown","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses","volume":"32","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1239926","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis reveals upregulated host metabolisms and downregulated immune responses or cell death induced by acute African swine fever virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213062","article-title":"Antiviral Effects of Avian Interferon-Stimulated Genes","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02542","article-title":"Regulatory networks involving STATs, IRFs, and NF\u03baB in inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Platanitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.036","article-title":"Antagonizing cytokine-mediated JAK-STAT signaling by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"209","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223955","article-title":"Mechanisms of African swine fever virus pathogenesis and immune evasion inferred from gene expression changes in infected swine macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.722952","article-title":"African swine fever virus induces STAT1 and STAT2 degradation to counteract IFN-I signaling","volume":"12","author":"Riera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10970-y","article-title":"A molecular switch from STAT2-IRF9 to ISGF3 underlies interferon-induced gene transcription","volume":"10","author":"Platanitis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.208","article-title":"Antiviral activity of porcine interferon delta 8 against pesudorabies virus in vitro","volume":"177","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromolecules"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071620","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated genes\u2014mediators of the innate immune response during canine distemper virus infection","volume":"20","author":"Klotz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02643-12","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Nsp1\u03b2 inhibits interferon-activated JAK\/STAT signal transduction by inducing karyopherin-\u03b11 degradation","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02558","article-title":"Infection with classical swine fever virus induces expression of type III interferons and activates innate immune signaling","volume":"8","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00049","article-title":"Avian interferons and their antiviral effectors","volume":"8","author":"Santhakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11030308","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of the chicken MDA5 response genes","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13233","article-title":"Genetic variation in chicken interferon signalling pathway genes in research lines showing differential viral resistance","volume":"53","author":"Mountford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Genet"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00771","article-title":"Sensing of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected macrophages by plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"7","author":"Garc\u00eda-Nicol\u00e1s","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00097-18","article-title":"Identification of the RNA pseudoknot within the 3\u2032 end of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus genome as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern to activate antiviral signaling via RIG-I and toll-like receptor 3","volume":"92","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1140449","article-title":"Evasion strategies of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01326-09","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 1\u03b2 modulates host innate immune response by antagonizing IRF3 activation","volume":"84","author":"Beura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.08.025","article-title":"Nonstructural protein 1\u03b1 subunit-based inhibition of NF-\u03baB activation and suppression of interferon-\u03b2 production by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"407","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02298-18","article-title":"African swine fever virus Armenia\/07 virulent strain controls interferon beta production through the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"93","author":"Garc\u00eda-Belmonte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111278","article-title":"Host Innate and Adaptive Immunity Against African Swine Fever Virus Infection","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2014.939658","article-title":"Differential Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA expression patterns during chicken embryological development","volume":"26","author":"Kannaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-66","article-title":"Duck MDA5 functions in innate immunity against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infections","volume":"45","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00742-11","article-title":"Chicken cells sense influenza A virus infection through MDA5 and CARDIF signaling involving LGP2","volume":"86","author":"Liniger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0499-1","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus infection in chicken embryonic fibroblasts but not duck embryonic fibroblasts is associated with elevated host innate immune response","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.05.015","article-title":"Innate immune evasion strategies of DNA and RNA viruses","volume":"32","author":"Beachboard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071465","article-title":"Pseudorabies virus tegument protein UL13 suppresses RLR-mediated antiviral innate immunity through regulating receptor transcription","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111381","article-title":"Research progress in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus\u2013host protein interactions","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.05.008","article-title":"Porcine circovirus type 2 inhibits interferon-\u03b2 expression by targeting Karyopherin alpha-3 in PK-15 cells","volume":"520","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01352-19","article-title":"Nonstructural protein 11 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces STAT2 degradation to inhibit interferon signaling","volume":"93","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06310.x","article-title":"Influenza virus NS1 protein inhibits pre-mRNA splicing and blocks mRNA nucleocytoplasmic transport","volume":"13","author":"Fortes","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.01.007","article-title":"Functions of the influenza A virus NS1 protein in antiviral defense","volume":"12","author":"Krug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933919000242","article-title":"Toll like receptors and cytokines as immunostimulatory adjuvants in poultry vaccines: Current status and future trends","volume":"75","author":"Bhadouriya","year":"2019","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult Sci J"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2019.04.008","article-title":"Toll-like receptor agonists as adjuvants for inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine","volume":"212","author":"Vreman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1258778","article-title":"Integrative transcriptomic profiling of mRNA, miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA in alveolar macrophages isolated from PRRSV-infected porcine","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1746193\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:14:56Z","timestamp":1771924496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1746193\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1746193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1746193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"article-number":"1746193"}}