{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:35:19Z","timestamp":1776926119377,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018947","name":"Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia, Universidad de Granada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study conducted a meta-analysis across three large European cohorts (UKBB, FinnGen, and REPAIR), including 12,660 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cases, 2,446 radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) cases, and over 530,000 shared controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten independent SNPs in\n                      <jats:italic>CARMIL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GRM4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ITPR3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>PRSS16<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ZNF322<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>HTT<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IKZF1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>MANEA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>MGAM2<\/jats:italic>\n                      were analyzed, and functional characterization was performed through cytokine and protein assessments as well as eQTL analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten independent SNPs were significantly associated with both RA and r-axSpA. Risk alleles included\n                      <jats:italic>HTT<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs363075A<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IKZF1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs12718261A<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>MANEA<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs72920280T<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>MGAM2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs73158426G<\/jats:sub>\n                      , while\n                      <jats:italic>CARMIL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs72831267C<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GRM4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs2495964G<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ITPR3<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs77601296A<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ITPR3<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs9469540T<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>PRSS16<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs72843633T<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>ZNF322<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs6901425G<\/jats:sub>\n                      had protective effects. Functional analysis showed that\n                      <jats:italic>GRM4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs2495964G<\/jats:sub>\n                      was linked to decreased CCL25 levels (p = 0.00030), and\n                      <jats:italic>ITPR3<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs9469540T<\/jats:sub>\n                      to reduced IL10 production after LPS stimulation (p = 1.3\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The ZNF322rs6901425G allele was associated with reduced TNFB and increased TGM2 levels (p = 9.60\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      and p = 3.00\u00d7\n                      <jats:sup>10\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), both involved in immune signaling and tissue remodeling. Disease-specific associations were found in\n                      <jats:italic>BTN2A1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>BTN3A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>H2BC11<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The\n                      <jats:italic>BTN2A1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs1977199A<\/jats:sub>\n                      allele was protective in RA (OR = 0.93) but increased r-axSpA risk (OR = 1.23), and was associated with reduced IL22 (p = 0.00016) and elevated HO-1 in obese individuals (p = 6.73\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>BTN3A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs9393716G<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>H2BC11<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>rs66462181C<\/jats:sub>\n                      increased RA risk but were protective in r-axSpA, linked to decreased HO-1 and IL6 (p = 2.43\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 3.287times;10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 1.18\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). These SNPs also acted as eQTLs for immune-related genes such as\n                      <jats:italic>BTN3A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>HMGN4<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>TRIM38<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings highlight novel shared and disease-specific variants and key immunoregulatory mediators\u2014IL10, IL22, IL6, CCL25, and HO-1\u2014offering insights for disease stratification and therapeutic targeting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1637735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:36:12Z","timestamp":1776922572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of new overlapping and disease-specific genetic risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis and radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis of three large European populations and functional characterization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Antonio Jos\u00e9","family":"Cabrera-Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada","place":["Granada, Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria IBs.Granada","place":["Granada, 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