{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:15:15Z","timestamp":1771931715392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005378","name":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["THD-2021-19459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THD-2021-19459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since rapid and accurate diagnosis of pneumonia and determination of its severity remain challenging, particularly in childhood, we aimed to evaluate the role of toll-like receptors (TLR) in pneumonia, which has been limited in animal and adult studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, TLR-2, TLR-4, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-\u03b1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 levels were measured in serum samples of\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 67 pediatric patients with\n                      <jats:italic>community acquired pneumonia (CAP)<\/jats:italic>\n                      (43 inpatients and 24 outpatients) and 22 healthy pediatric controls. Saliva samples of\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 30 pediatric patients with CAP (19 inpatients and 11 outpatients) and 19 healthy pediatric controls were also investigated to analyze the expression of these cytokines and TLRs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In saliva samples taken at the time of diagnosis, threshold levels of TLR-2 were 1.16 2\n                      <jats:sup>-\u0394\u0394<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sup>Ct<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      and of TLR-4 1.28 2\n                      <jats:sup>-\u0394\u0394<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sup>Ct<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      differentiating patients with and without pneumonia. The sensitivity of salivary TLR-2 and TLR-4 tests were found to be 0.80 and 0.86, respectively. In serum samples, soluble TLR-2 and TLR-4, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-6, Il-10, IFN-\u03b1, and TNF-\u03b1 levels were significantly decreased in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) as compared with other viruses (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05 in each). Only one mortal case was present in the inpatient group during the study period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that salivary TNF-\u03b1, soluble TLR-2 and TLR-4 may serve as promising non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosing and stratifying pediatric pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1657027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:22:56Z","timestamp":1770960176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of soluble toll-like receptor-2 and 4 in children with pneumonia: a combined analysis of saliva and serum samples"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Necipoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osman Oguz","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Cell Biology Research Program","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kubra","family":"Aykac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sevilay","family":"Karahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Bulent","family":"Cengiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Aydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten\/Herdecke University","place":["Witten, Germany"]},{"name":"Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Department of Human Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University","place":["Witten, Germany"]},{"name":"Chair of Pediatrics, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik Datteln, Witten\/Herdecke University","place":["Datteln, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Ozsurekci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine","place":["Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Pneumonia WHO2019"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.11.005","article-title":"Systemic cytokines and chemokines on admission of children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"107","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02120","article-title":"The TLR4-myD88 signaling axis regulates lung monocyte differentiation pathways in response to streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"11","author":"Sanchez-Tarjuelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1691801","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in children: myths and facts","volume":"36","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia","volume-title":"Nelson textbook of pediatrics","author":"Kelly","year":"2020"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0179","article-title":"Variation in emergency department diagnostic testing and disposition outcomes in pneumonia","volume":"132","author":"Florin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9955168","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9955168","article-title":"Heightened local T(h)17 cell inflammation is associated with severe community-acquired pneumonia in children under the age of 1 year","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piab043","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic biomarkers for pediatric pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Gunaratnam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"888","article-title":"Acute pneumonia","volume-title":"Mandell, douglas, and bennett\u2019s principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Daly","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ebch.1927","article-title":"Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections","volume":"8","author":"Schuetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Rev J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3728","article-title":"Biomarkers and disease severity in children with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"145","author":"Florin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003340","article-title":"A tool to distinguish viral from bacterial pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Tagarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318157aced","article-title":"The utility of serum C-reactive protein in differentiating bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonia in children: a meta-analysis of 1230 children","volume":"27","author":"Flood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7915158","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7915158","article-title":"Procalcitonin identifies bacterial coinfections in Vietnamese children with severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia","volume":"2020","author":"Do","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1704.04039","article-title":"Cooperative interactions between toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 4 in murine klebsiella pneumoniae infections","volume":"27","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181f90810","article-title":"Human neonatal peripheral blood leukocytes demonstrate pathogen-specific coordinate expression of TLR2, TLR4\/MD2, and MyD88 during bacterial infection in vivo","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"87","article-title":"The Induced Responses of Innate Immunity","volume-title":"Janeway\u2019s Immunobiology","author":"Murphy","year":"2017"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Innate Immunity","volume-title":"Basic Immunology Functions And Disorders of The Immune System","author":"Abbas","year":"2020"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.041","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and the control of immunity","volume":"180","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00937-x","article-title":"TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17534259211051364","article-title":"TLRs in COVID-19: How they drive immunopathology and the rationale for modulation","volume":"27","author":"Mabrey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1792","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 on inflammatory monocytes induces type I interferon in response to viral but not bacterial ligands","volume":"10","author":"Barbalat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104624","article-title":"Metalloproteinase-dependent TLR2 ectodomain shedding is involved in soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) production","volume":"9","author":"Langjahr","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00291","article-title":"Insights into soluble toll-like receptor 2 as a downregulator of virally induced inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Henrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.12.6680","article-title":"Soluble forms of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 capable of modulating TLR2 signaling are present in human plasma and breast milk","volume":"171","author":"LeBouder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802909","article-title":"Soluble TLR2 reduces inflammation without compromising bacterial clearance by disrupting TLR2 triggering","volume":"183","author":"Raby","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-014-0055-y","article-title":"The discriminative capacity of soluble Toll-like receptor (sTLR)2 and sTLR4 in inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Ten Oever","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Revised WHO Classification and Treatment of Pneumonia in Children at Health Facilities: Evidence Summaries","year":"2014"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200598","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir531","article-title":"The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"53","author":"Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect diseases"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.02.043","article-title":"Identification of oxidative stress and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury","volume":"133","author":"Imai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-125","article-title":"TLR4 signalling in pulmonary stromal cells is critical for inflammation and immunity in the airways","volume":"12","author":"Perros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1663","article-title":"LPS-or Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mediated activation of the macrophage TLR4 signaling cascade depends on membrane lipid composition","volume":"4","author":"Schoeniger","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2016.03.019","article-title":"Roles of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain genes and toll-like receptors in wheezy children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circulation"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06168-11","article-title":"The TLR4-TRIF pathway protects against H5N1 influenza virus infection","volume":"86","author":"Shinya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J virol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13491","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13491","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 has a prominent but nonessential role in innate immunity to Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia","volume":"5","author":"Skerrett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401413","article-title":"TLR-mediated inflammatory responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae are highly dependent on surface expression of bacterial lipoproteins","volume":"193","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00001-11","article-title":"Infectious diseases in patients with IRAK-4, MyD88, NEMO, or I\u03baB\u03b1 deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Picard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"FSO605","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0091","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and COVID-19: a two-faced story with an exciting ending","volume":"6","author":"Onofrio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31828538e8","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphisms and associated outcomes in sepsis following traumatic injury, a candidate gene association study","volume":"259","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401185","article-title":"Cutting edge: Genetic variation in TLR1 is associated with Pam3CSK4-induced effector T cell resistance to regulatory T cell suppression","volume":"193","author":"Mikacenic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01780","article-title":"Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein 180L single-nucleotide polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to recurrent pneumococcal lower respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"9","author":"Siebert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00495-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2009.05.006","article-title":"Partial role of TLR4 as a receptor responding to damage-associated molecular pattern","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8874339","article-title":"COVID-19 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): SARS-CoV-2 may bind and activate TLR4 to increase ACE2 expression, facilitating entry and causing hyperinflammation","volume":"2021","author":"Aboudounya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27405","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptors in modulation of cytokine storm signaling in SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19","volume":"94","author":"Manik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytox.2020.100029","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: Is interleukin-6 (IL-6) the \u2018culprit lesion\u2019of ARDS onset? What is there besides Tocilizumab? SGP130Fc","volume":"2","author":"Magro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine: X"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.04.009","article-title":"Bioinformatic analysis and identification of single-stranded RNA sequences recognized by TLR7\/8 in the SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV genomes","volume":"22","author":"Moreno-Eutimio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes infection"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3203","article-title":"Targeting Toll-like receptors: emerging therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Hennessy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e343","article-title":"COVID-19 patients upregulate toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory signaling that mimics bacterial sepsis","volume":"35","author":"Sohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26683","article-title":"Predictive value of cytokine\/chemokine responses for the disease severity and management in children and adult cases with COVID-19","volume":"93","author":"Ozsurekci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.05.002","article-title":"Respiratory infections associated with anti-TNF\u03b1 agents","volume":"47","author":"Blanchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138978","article-title":"Cytokine concentrations in plasma from children with severe and non-severe community acquired pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Haugen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.06.006","article-title":"Understanding the roles of cytokines and neutrophil activity and neutrophil apoptosis in the protective versus deleterious inflammatory response in pneumonia","volume":"17","author":"Bordon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Diseases"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00040710","article-title":"Factors associated with inflammatory cytokine patterns in community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"37","author":"Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310992","article-title":"Salivary miRNA profiles in COVID-19 patients with different disease severities","volume":"24","author":"Saulle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1446","article-title":"Cytokine activation patterns and biomarkers are influenced by microorganisms in community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"141","author":"Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2491","article-title":"Evaluation and significance of C-reactive protein in the clinical diagnosis of severe pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3343\/kjlm.2010.30.4.406","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum procalcitonin in patients with community-acquired lobar pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J Lab Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.09.008","article-title":"Utility of serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in severity assessment of community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"49","author":"Agnello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1657027\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:28:24Z","timestamp":1771928904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1657027\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1657027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1657027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"article-number":"1657027"}}