{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T14:44:21Z","timestamp":1789224261893,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APTI -18-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APTI -18-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are macrophages of fetal origin present in the human placenta that play a key role in maintaining a healthy pregnancy. They are the most abundant immune cells (&amp;gt; 90%) in the placental villi. They have been implicated in various complications of pregnancy, though their role in these pathologies remains rudimentary. In addition, despite being discovered over a century ago, there is no consensus on the specific time window between delivery and placental sample processing for HBCs isolation, the site of biopsy sampling, and isolation protocol. In previous studies, mechanical disintegration, enzymatic digestions, density gradient separation, homogenization, adherence, rosetting, and immune selection techniques have been used to isolate HBCs for immunological studies. Here we review current knowledge on HBCs isolation methods, their role in healthy and pathologic pregnancy, and the impact of pregnancy complications on HBCs population and phenotype. A literature search was conducted on Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using specific keywords, including \u201cIsolation of Hofbauer cells, Hofbauer cells and infectious diseases, Hofbauer cells on immune function, and Hofbauer cells and maternal autoimmune pathology.\u201d No restrictions were placed on the year of publication or author affiliation during the selection process. Developing a standardized and harmonized HBCs isolation technique(s) will allow comparative studies across laboratories, research groups studying HBCs. These standardized approaches will provide the necessary impetus for studies on HBCs and their functionality in healthy and placental pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T05:23:38Z","timestamp":1773638618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Isolation and characterization of Hofbauer cells from human term placentas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dancan M.","family":"Wakoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University","place":["Njoro, Kenya"]},{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute","place":["Kisumu, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartholomew N.","family":"Ondigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University","place":["Njoro, Kenya"]},{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute","place":["Kisumu, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1379537\/full","article-title":"Decidual macrophages and Hofbauer cells in fetal growth restriction","volume":"15","author":"Bezemer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2012.01108.x","article-title":"Methylome of fetal and maternal monocytes and macrophages at the feto-maternal interface","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116113","article-title":"Isolation of decidual macrophages and Hofbauer cells from term placenta\u2014comparison of the expression of CD163 and CD80","volume":"23","author":"Lasch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01006.x","article-title":"Isolation of Hofbauer cells from human term placentas with high yield and purity","volume":"66","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12336","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-mediated responses by placental Hofbauer cells (HBCs): a potential pro-inflammatory role for fetal M2 macrophages","volume":"73","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700930239","article-title":"The incidence and significance of hofbauer cells in the mature human placenta","volume":"93","author":"Fox","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05932.x","article-title":"Placental Hofbauer cells and complications of pregnancy","volume":"1221","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000497416","article-title":"The elusive role of placental macrophages: the Hofbauer cell","volume":"11","author":"Zulu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237612","article-title":"A three-dimensional study of the normal human placental villous core","volume":"210","author":"Castellucci","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.10.017","article-title":"Placental macrophages: origin, heterogeneity, function and role in pregnancy-associated infections","volume":"103","author":"Mezouar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54090-0_3","article-title":"Hofbauer cells: placental macrophages of fetal origin","volume":"62","author":"Reyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Results Probl Cell Differ"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.03.003","article-title":"Characterisation of Hofbauer cells in first and second trimester placenta: incidence, phenotype, survival in vitro and motility","volume":"31","author":"Ingman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-279489","article-title":"The first trimester human placenta is a site for terminal maturation of primitive erythroid cells","volume":"116","author":"Van Handel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.02964.x","article-title":"Involvement of Hofbauer cells and maternal T cells in villitis of unknown aetiology","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.01.010","article-title":"Hofbauer cells in early human placenta: possible implications in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Seval","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.50.1.57","article-title":"Development, differentiation, and maturation of macrophages in the chorionic villi of mouse placenta with special reference to the origin of Hofbauer cells","volume":"50","author":"Takahashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07186-6","article-title":"Cell-specific characterization of the placental methylome","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384361\/full","article-title":"Gravidity influences distinct transcriptional profiles of maternal and fetal placental macrophages at term","volume":"15","author":"Ozarslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00934518","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Hofbauer cells from human placental villi","volume":"246","author":"Zaccheo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0159","article-title":"Hofbauer cells of M2a, M2b and M2c polarization may regulate feto-placental angiogenesis","volume":"152","author":"Loegl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1129261","article-title":"Labour promotes systemic mobilisation of monocytes, T cell activation and local secretion of chemotactic factors in the intervillous space of the placenta","volume":"14","author":"Vikberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01849-21","article-title":"Hofbauer cells spread Listeria monocytogenes among placental cells and undergo pro-inflammatory reprogramming while retaining production of tolerogenic factors","volume":"12","author":"Azari","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.11.004","article-title":"Placental macrophages: a window into fetal microglial function in maternal obesity","volume":"77","author":"Edlow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1095879","article-title":"Placental macrophages present distinct polarization pattern and effector functions depending on clinical onset of preeclampsia","volume":"13","author":"Mercnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105653","article-title":"Placental macrophage responses to viral and bacterial ligands and the influence of fetal sex","volume":"25","author":"Pantazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.27.568491v1","article-title":"Spatial analysis of Hofbauer cell transcriptome, distribution and morphology in placentas exposed to Plasmodium falciparum","author":"Ataide","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756035\/full","article-title":"Placental macrophage (Hofbauer cell) responses to infection during pregnancy: a systematic scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Fakonti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200891","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional characterization of first-trimester human placental macrophages, Hofbauer cells","volume":"218","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.09.005","article-title":"Prediction and prevention of preeclampsia and IUGR","volume":"81","author":"Fayyad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1378174","article-title":"Differential activation of fetal Hofbauer cells in primigravidas is associated with decreased birth weight in symptomatic placental malaria","volume":"2019","author":"Gaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar Res Treat"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88461","article-title":"Zika virus productively infects primary human placenta-specific macrophages","volume":"1","author":"Jurado","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02628\/full","article-title":"Hofbauer cells: their role in healthy and complicated pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Reyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1MR0114-021R","article-title":"Phagosome maturation in polarized macrophages","volume":"96","author":"Canton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.055","article-title":"Macrophage phenotypic plasticity in atherosclerosis: the associated features and the peculiarities of the expression of inflammatory genes","volume":"184","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.015","article-title":"The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization","volume":"25","author":"Mantovani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59643","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas","volume":"122","author":"Sica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00792","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in physiological and pathological pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.11.003","article-title":"DC-sign+ CD163+ macrophages expressing hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 are located within chorion villi of the placenta","volume":"29","author":"B\u00f6ckle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.24247","article-title":"The role of placenta Hofbauer cells during pregnancy and pregnancy complications","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.837391\/full","article-title":"The distributional characteristics of M2 macrophages in the placental chorionic villi are altered among the term pregnant women with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901185","article-title":"Baby\u2019s first macrophage: temporal regulation of Hofbauer cell phenotype influences ligand-mediated innate immune responses across gestation","volume":"204","author":"Swieboda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-02-072587","article-title":"Tumor-associated leukemia inhibitory factor and IL-6 skew monocyte differentiation into tumor-associated macrophage-like cells","volume":"110","author":"Duluc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/2692","article-title":"Macrophage activation and polarization","volume":"13","author":"Martinez","year":"2008","journal-title":"FBL"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15741","article-title":"Characterization of Hofbauer cell polarization and VEGF localization in human term placenta from active and inactive pregnant individuals","volume":"11","author":"Goudreau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0322-0","article-title":"Association of chorioamnionitis and its duration with neonatal morbidity and mortality","volume":"39","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300988","article-title":"Placental macrophages are impaired in chorioamnionitis, an infectious pathology of the placenta","volume":"191","author":"Ben Amara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2021.026","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory role of placental Hofbauer cells is altered in patients with chorioamnionitis: are CYP2C8 and soluble epoxide hydrolase involved in immunomodulation","volume":"166","author":"Tauber","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00927.x","article-title":"Focal increases of fetal macrophages in placentas from pregnancies with histological chorioamnionitis: potential role of fibroblast monocyte chemotactic protein-1","volume":"65","author":"Toti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2350\/09-03-0632-OA.1","article-title":"The number of CD68(+) (Hofbauer) cells is decreased in placentas with chorioamnionitis and with advancing gestational age","volume":"13","author":"Vinnars","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.10.007","article-title":"Innate immune defenses at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"74","author":"Semmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Zika virus infects human placental macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Quicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00107-8","article-title":"Human placental Fc receptors and the trapping of immune complexes","volume":"16","author":"Simister","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19385","article-title":"Placental Hofbauer cells assemble and sequester HIV-1 in tetraspanin-positive compartments that are accessible to broadly neutralizing antibodies","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-9-101","article-title":"Placental Hofbauer cells limit HIV-1 replication and potentially offset mother to child transmission (MTCT) by induction of immunoregulatory cytokines","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0401-OA","article-title":"Placental pathology of Zika virus: Viral infection of the placenta induces villous stromal macrophage (Hofbauer cell) proliferation and hyperplasia","volume":"141","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4361-5","article-title":"Viral infection, proliferation, and hyperplasia of Hofbauer cells and absence of inflammation characterize the placental pathology of fetuses with congenital Zika virus infection","volume":"295","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12613","article-title":"Zika virus infection of Hofbauer cells","volume":"77","author":"Simoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.09.011","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Outcome and diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"B61","unstructured":"Human cytomegalovirus productively infects primary.pdf\n          \n          \n            \n              Ibanez\n            \n          \n          \n          1991"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1383","article-title":"Infection of mononucleated phagocytes with human cytomegalovirus","volume":"195","author":"Maciejewski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01905-16","article-title":"Zika virus infects early- and midgestation human maternal decidual tissues, inducing distinct innate tissue responses in the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"91","author":"Weisblum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.011","article-title":"Designing a VAR2CSA-based vaccine to prevent placental malaria","volume":"33","author":"Fried","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-020-00213-2","article-title":"Placental malaria","volume":"7","author":"Zakama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.09.012","article-title":"DC-SIGN expression in Hofbauer cells may play an important role in immune tolerance in fetal chorionic villi during the development of preeclampsia","volume":"124","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225767","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus exhibits differential tropism for distinct human placental cell types with Hofbauer cells acting as a permissive reservoir for infection","volume":"14","author":"Bokun","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104664","article-title":"H3K27me3-modulated Hofbauer cell BMP2 signalling enhancement compensates for shallow trophoblast invasion in preeclampsia","volume":"93","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2024.07.004","article-title":"Unlocking the secrets of Hofbauer cells in placental (patho-) physiology: Isolation and quality assessment in human term placenta","volume":"166","author":"Mercnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-024-00652-w","article-title":"Sex-specific phenotypical, functional and metabolic profiles of human term placenta macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Paparini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42300-8","article-title":"Hofbauer cell function in the term placenta associates with adult cardiovascular and depressive outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030736","article-title":"Placental Hofbauer cell polarization resists inflammatory cues in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Schliefsteiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.4.847","article-title":"Isolation of macrophages (Hofbauer cells) from human term placenta and their prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane production","volume":"12","author":"Wetzka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4044","article-title":"Isolation of first-trimester and full-term human placental Hofbauer cells","volume":"11","author":"Appios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050735","article-title":"Bidirectional communication between histamine and cytokines","volume":"50","author":"Igaz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3735","article-title":"Interleukin 13, a T-cell-derived cytokine that regulates human monocyte and B-cell function","volume":"90","author":"McKenzie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.66.3.391","article-title":"Modulation of macrophage and B cell function by glycosaminoglycans","volume":"66","author":"Wrenshall","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(82)80004-0","article-title":"A three-dimensional study of the normal human placental villous core: II. Stromal architecture","volume":"3","author":"Castellucci","year":"1982","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B79","article-title":"HLA-DR positive cells in the human placenta","volume":"49","author":"Sutton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3428","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria and sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections in pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review","volume":"307","author":"Chico","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114326","article-title":"Hofbauer cells and fetal brain microglia share transcriptional profiles and responses to maternal diet-induced obesity","volume":"43","author":"Batorsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671127\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T05:23:41Z","timestamp":1773638621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671127\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"article-number":"1671127"}}