{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:14:14Z","timestamp":1793394854445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent and debilitating joint disorder that imposes a heavy burden on global public health due to its high incidence, prevalence, and disability rate, as well as the associated substantial healthcare costs. Early intervention is critical for OA management, yet current therapeutic options are limited by suboptimal efficacy, along with concerns regarding prosthetic lifespan and function in surgical treatment. While the complete etiology of OA remains elusive, cartilage degeneration is widely recognized as a core pathological feature of OA. A major barrier to optimizing OA therapeutic strategies is the lack of comprehensive insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms governing disease progression. Chondrocyte behavior and fate determination are pivotal to the onset and progression of OA: OA chondrocytes exhibit an imbalanced synthetic\/catabolic profile, cluster formation, and autophagy dysregulation, accompanied by phenotypic alterations including hypertrophy and senescence. Additionally, multiple forms of chondrocyte death (apoptosis, chondroptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagic cell death, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis) are implicated in driving OA development. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC), a cellular process encompassing redox homeostasis, mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), and mitochondrial biogenesis, is essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence indicates that MQC is closely involved in regulating chondrocyte behavior and fate in OA, and impaired MQC function may compromise chondrocyte viability and function, thereby promoting cartilage degeneration. Elucidating the MQC-mediated pathological mechanisms underlying abnormal chondrocyte behavior and fate in OA is expected to identify novel therapeutic targets for early-stage OA, thus providing new avenues for the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:34:22Z","timestamp":1771997662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mitochondrial quality control modulating chondrocyte behavior and fate in knee osteoarthritis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic prospects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Sichuan Province","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.1980","article-title":"What is osteoarthritis","volume":"327","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08858-8","article-title":"Burden of knee osteoarthritis in China and globally: 1990-2045","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1903768","article-title":"Osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"384","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22171","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: A review","volume":"325","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2023.11.018","article-title":"Aging and the emerging role of cellular senescence in osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Diekman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.10.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control in cartilage damage and osteoarthritis: new insights and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112379","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in chondrocyte senescence","volume":"188","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107141","article-title":"Sirtuin 1 in osteoarthritis: Perspectives on regulating glucose metabolism","volume":"202","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104705","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020104705","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of mitophagy","volume":"40","author":"Onishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105497","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into AMPK-SIRT3 positive feedback loop-mediated chondrocyte mitochondrial quality control in osteoarthritis pathogenesis","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102663","article-title":"The physiological metabolite \u03b1-ketoglutarate ameliorates osteoarthritis by regulating mitophagy and oxidative stress","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051075","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 Is a master regulator of mitochondrial lifecycle and ROS stress response","volume":"12","author":"Abu Shelbayeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.025","article-title":"Redox and NF-\u03baB signaling in osteoarthritis","volume":"132","author":"Lepetsos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105522","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control dysfunction in osteoarthritis: Mechanisms, therapeutic strategies & future prospects","volume":"125","author":"Cheung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105433","article-title":"Role of mitophagy in mitochondrial quality control: Mechanisms and potential implications for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.96723","article-title":"Mitochondrial transfer balances cell redox, energy and metabolic homeostasis in the osteoarthritic chondrocyte preserving cartilage integrity","volume":"14","author":"Court","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.038","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, aging and articular cartilage homeostasis","volume":"132","author":"Bolduc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122738","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction, its oxidative stress-induced pathologies and redox bioregulation through low-dose medical ozone: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Viebahn-Haensler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1001212","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the development of knee osteoarthritis: A comprehensive research review","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/bor.0000000000000456","article-title":"Targeting aging for disease modification in osteoarthritis","volume":"30","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103667","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria in bone and cartilage diseases: A narrative review","volume":"83","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.46627","article-title":"The role of autophagy and mitophagy in bone metabolic disorders","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60933-9","article-title":"The loss of OPA1 accelerates intervertebral disc degeneration and osteoarthritis in aged mice","volume":"16","author":"Madhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5665","article-title":"PINK1 overexpression suppresses p38 MAPK\/NF\u2212\u03baB signaling to attenuate chondrocyte senescence in osteoarthritis","volume":"56","author":"Jie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-025-00413-4","article-title":"SIRT3-PINK1-PKM2 axis prevents osteoarthritis via mitochondrial renewal and metabolic switch","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.02.015","article-title":"Sestrin2 overexpression attenuates osteoarthritis pain via induction of AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and suppression of neuroinflammation","volume":"102","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2523536","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 Activation alleviates osteoarthritis through both the nrf2\/NLRP3 and PGC-1\u03b1\/\u0394\u03c8 (m) pathways by inhibiting pyroptosis","volume":"2023","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"PPAR Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1169019","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: From mechanism to target of action","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-025-03509-8","article-title":"SDF-1 alleviates osteoarthritis by resolving mitochondrial dysfunction through the activation of the Sirt3\/PGC-1\u03b1 signalling pathway","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214282","article-title":"Critical role for arginase II in osteoarthritis pathogenesis","volume":"78","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-025-01236-7","article-title":"Restoring articular cartilage: insights from structure, composition and development","volume":"21","author":"Pueyo Moliner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.07.004","article-title":"Aging and osteoarthritis: Central role of the extracellular matrix","volume":"40","author":"Rahmati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.65","article-title":"Ageing and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Loeser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035211063858","article-title":"Role of mitochondria in physiology of chondrocytes and diseases of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Kan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350715","article-title":"Type X collagen synthesis in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Indication of chondrocyte hypertrophy","volume":"35","author":"von der Mark","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64361-7","article-title":"Targeting VGLL4 maintains extracellular matrix homeostasis and mitigates osteoarthritis in a preclinical model","volume":"16","author":"Suo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-024-00333-9","article-title":"Matrix stiffening promotes chondrocyte senescence and the osteoarthritis development through downregulating HDAC3","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051560","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of posttraumatic osteoarthritis: chondrocyte behavior and fate in a precarious environment","volume":"21","author":"Riegger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.12.015","article-title":"Articular fibrocartilage - Why does hyaline cartilage fail to repair","volume":"146","author":"Armiento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216468","article-title":"Inflammatory and metabolic signaling interfaces of the hypertrophic and senescent chondrocyte phenotypes associated with osteoarthritis","volume":"24","author":"Horv\u00e1th","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/bor.0000000000000923","article-title":"Inflammation in osteoarthritis: the latest progress and ongoing challenges","volume":"35","author":"Knights","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2203195","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202203195","article-title":"Integrated cascade nanozyme remodels chondrocyte inflammatory microenvironment in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis via inhibiting ROS-NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01989","article-title":"Synovial tissue inflammation mediated by autoimmune T cells","volume":"10","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-025-10071-1","article-title":"Asperosaponin VI mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction and chondrocyte apoptosis in osteoarthritis by modulating the AMPK-SIRT3 pathway","volume":"41","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70981","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70981","article-title":"Increased TNN in knee osteoarthritis accelerates cartilage damage via the negative regulation of AMPK-PPAR\u03b3 Signalling","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2023.06.005","article-title":"Fundamentals of osteoarthritis: Inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis","volume":"31","author":"De Roover","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.982008","article-title":"miR-17\u201392 cluster in osteoarthritis: Regulatory roles and clinical utility","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2024.04.008","article-title":"The interplay between inflammatory mediators and mechanotransduction is mediated by ion channels in articular chondrocytes: Functional consequences in osteoarthritis","volume":"49","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Life Rev"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072358","article-title":"The role of chondrocyte hypertrophy and senescence in osteoarthritis initiation and progression","volume":"21","author":"Rim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224420","article-title":"Unveiling inflammatory and prehypertrophic cell populations as key contributors to knee cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis using multi-omics data integration","volume":"83","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154347","article-title":"Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites in alleviating knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218259","article-title":"Target of rapamycin in control of autophagy: puppet master and signal integrator","volume":"21","author":"Mugume","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102404","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs as regulators of autophagy in chondrocytes: Mechanisms and implications for osteoarthritis","volume":"99","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152305","article-title":"Roles of cartilage-resident stem\/progenitor cells in cartilage physiology, development, repair and osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00533-7","article-title":"Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of cellular senescence in osteoarthritis","volume":"17","author":"Coryell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.029","article-title":"Spermidine rescues the deregulated autophagic response to oxidative stress of osteoarthritic chondrocytes","volume":"153","author":"D'Adamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.01.004","article-title":"Crucial role of the terminal complement complex in chondrocyte death and hypertrophy after cartilage trauma","volume":"28","author":"Riegger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02859-x","article-title":"Senescence in osteoarthritis: from mechanism to potential treatment","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0059","article-title":"Simultaneously Modulating HIF-1\u03b1 and HIF-2\u03b1 and Optimizing Macrophage Polarization through the Biomimetic Gene Vector toward the Treatment of Osteoarthritis","volume":"28","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.443","article-title":"Redox control of chondrocyte differentiation and chondrogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2019.1571918","article-title":"Understanding the role of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis: utilizing proteomics","volume":"16","author":"Trachana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110452","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in osteoarthritis pathogenesis: Role of polyphenols","volume":"129","author":"Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23812\/20-63-a-6","article-title":"Suppression of p38\/HBP1 pathway alleviates hyperosmotic stress-induced senescent progression of chondrocyte senescence","volume":"34","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179208","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Molnar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02118-4","article-title":"Exploring the translational potential of PLGA nanoparticles for intra-articular rapamycin delivery in osteoarthritis therapy","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129004","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharides ameliorate osteoarthritis via inhibiting apoptosis by regulating ROS-mediated ASK1\/p38 MAPK signaling pathway targeting on TXN","volume":"258","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.789948","article-title":"Targeting cell death: pyroptosis, ferroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis in osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065364","article-title":"The role of regulated programmed cell death in osteoarthritis: from pathogenesis to therapy","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115990","article-title":"Exploration and breakthrough in the mode of chondrocyte death - A potential new mechanism for osteoarthritis","volume":"170","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0173-8","article-title":"Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of cell death","volume":"21","author":"Bock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8293921","article-title":"The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"2020","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-025-03366-1","article-title":"Inhibition of mir-155-5p alleviates cardiomyocyte pyroptosis induced by hypoxia\/reoxygenation via targeting SIRT1-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2022.109137","article-title":"Homogentisic acid induces autophagy alterations leading to chondroptosis in human chondrocytes: Implications in Alkaptonuria","volume":"717","author":"Galderisi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.12105","article-title":"Ginsenoside compound K alleviates osteoarthritis by inhibiting NLRP3\u2212mediated pyroptosis","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100247","article-title":"Necroptosis: mechanisms and relevance to disease","volume":"12","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1930-5","article-title":"Evidence of necroptosis in osteoarthritic disease: investigation of blunt mechanical impact as possible trigger in regulated necrosis","volume":"10","author":"Riegger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1735484","article-title":"Necrostatin-1 alleviates temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis and inhibits chondrocyte senescence and necroptosis possibly via p53\/ MAPK downregulation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/chmuts","article-title":"Vitamin D plays a protective role in osteoarthritis by regulating AMPK\/mTOR signalling pathway to activate chondrocyte autophagy","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadn1452","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adn1452","article-title":"The palmitoylation of gasdermin D directs its membrane translocation and pore formation during pyroptosis","volume":"9","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.790937","article-title":"Fucoidan alleviates renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated podocyte pyroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2020.09.006","article-title":"Chondrocyte ferroptosis contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103847","article-title":"Contribution of ferroptosis and GPX4's dual functions to osteoarthritis progression","volume":"76","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122916","article-title":"Initial harm reduction by N-acetylcysteine alleviates cartilage degeneration after blunt single-impact cartilage trauma in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Riegger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1538662","article-title":"Recent development of mitochondrial metabolism and dysfunction in osteoarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1822097","article-title":"Mitophagy in degenerative joint diseases","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204153","article-title":"mtDNA variability determines spontaneous joint aging damage in a conplastic mouse model","volume":"14","author":"Scotece","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2018.01263","article-title":"Protective effects of metformin against osteoarthritis through upregulation of SIRT3-mediated PINK1\/Parkin-dependent mitophagy in primary chondrocytes","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04092-x","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 activation suppresses chondrocyte ferroptosis through mitophagy in osteoarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadj6814","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj6814","article-title":"An osteoarthritis pathophysiological continuum revealed by molecular biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Kraus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijgm.S444847","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation of mitochondrial autophagy genes in knee osteoarthritis","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade5584","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade5584","article-title":"Metabolite asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) functions as a destabilization enhancer of SOX9 mediated by DDAH1 in osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-025-06228-7","article-title":"Analysis of miR-151a-3p as a biomarker of osteoarthritis and its clinical value","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.33.2000226","article-title":"The effect of resveratrol on normal and osteoarthritic chondrocyte metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.3471","article-title":"Metformin for knee osteoarthritis in patients with overweight or obesity: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14177","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14177","article-title":"Aging-associated decrease of PGC-1\u03b1 promotes pain chronification","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.06.012","article-title":"Dual-engineered cartilage-targeting extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells enhance osteoarthritis treatment via miR-223\/NLRP3\/pyroptosis axis: Toward a precision therapy","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-07030-2","article-title":"Autologous chondrocyte implantation provides good long-term clinical results in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Colombini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00746-z","article-title":"Moderate-intensity exercise alleviates pyroptosis by promoting autophagy in osteoarthritis via the P2X7\/AMPK\/mTOR axis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27592","article-title":"Mechanical stress protects against osteoarthritis via regulation of the AMPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"234","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2124948","article-title":"Dietary anthocyanins balance immune signs in osteoarthritis and obesity - update of human in vitro studies and clinical trials","volume":"64","author":"Pomilio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052511","article-title":"Selenium lessens osteoarthritis by protecting articular chondrocytes from oxidative damage through nrf2 and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101669","article-title":"Correlation of synovial caspase-3 concentration and the photodynamic effectiveness in osteoarthritis treatment","volume":"30","author":"Zharova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003186","article-title":"EZH2\/miR-142-3p\/HMGB1 axis mediates chondrocyte pyroptosis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in knee osteoarthritis","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02886-5","article-title":"miR-155 inhibits chondrocyte pyroptosis in knee osteoarthritis by targeting SMAD2 and inhibiting the NLRP3\/Caspase-1 pathway","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671502\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:34:24Z","timestamp":1771997664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671502\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1671502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"article-number":"1671502"}}