{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:03:07Z","timestamp":1793138587501,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \u03b2-Glucans stimulate the immune system, training it to recognize and respond to antigens, which bolsters immunity, including to vaccines. The present study evaluated the capacity of \u03b2-glucans to stimulate immunity subsequent to primary vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 with ChAdOx1. Thirty-four SARS-CoV-2-non-immune men (18\u201349 years) were split into two groups: one receiving 500 mg of oral insoluble yeast \u03b2-glucans daily (the glucan group) and the other a placebo (the control group). The supplementation period lasted fourteen days in total, including seven days before and seven days after the initial vaccine dosage. A series of blood samples were collected at three time points: M1 (prevaccination); M2 (30 days after the first vaccination); and M3 (30 days after booster). A lateral flow immunoassay was used to qualitatively identify IgM and IgG against the virus. The levels of antigen-specific IgG anti-spike (S1), receptor-binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid (N) were quantified using a LEGENDplex assay. The NeutraLISA assay was used to evaluate the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Statistically significant results were defined as those with\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05. Both groups produced similar amounts of NAbs after the first vaccination (M2). However, the glucan group had higher levels in M3, with a more uniform distribution. Furthermore, the levels of anti-S1 IgG in M2 exhibited elevated concentrations, indicating a significant positive correlation with NAbs levels obtained post-second dose (M3). In contrast, individuals who had immunity to common cold human coronaviruses (HCoVs), evidenced by the presence of IgG anti-N in M1 were associated with IgG anti-S1 only in M3, not correlated with NAbs levels. This finding indicates that cross-immunity from other HCoVs did not accelerate or direct the humoral immune response as was observed in the glucan group. Therefore, it can be inferred that the \u03b2-glucan supplementation was more effective than immunity from other HCoVs. The capacity of \u03b2-glucan to induce trained immunity (TRIM) has the potential to augment immune responses, thereby modifying antibody production in response to the vaccine stimulus. Future studies should evaluate the potential of \u03b2-glucan as an adjuvant to vaccines, especially in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. They should also assess long-term immunity and cross-protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1675094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:25:45Z","timestamp":1772209545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Could \u03b2-glucans enhance the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine by inducing trained immunity and boosting neutralizing antibody production?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rjorie de Assis","family":"Golim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Research and Development, Medical Biotechnology, Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Val\u00e9rio Orlandi","family":"Falbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Research and Development, Medical Biotechnology, Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline M\u00e1rcia Marques","family":"Braz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Plana","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Research and Development, Medical Biotechnology, Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rejane Maria Tommasini","family":"Grotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Research and Development, Medical Biotechnology, Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Plant Protection Department, School of Agriculture, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Furtado","family":"Pegatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Olbrich-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Research and Development, Medical Biotechnology, Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Botucatu Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)","place":["Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"J\u00fanior","given":"Rui 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