{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:25:13Z","timestamp":1783297513430,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and represents one of the most common causes of accumulated disability in young adults. Although, currently in the vast majority of cases MS is not a determinant of death, its effects on patients can result in considerable health problems. This research provides new estimations of the total economic burden (direct -based on the difference in the total average annual amount vs matched controls without MS - and indirect costs- e.g., labor market productivity losses (premature death, presenteeism, and absenteeism losses, costs of paid and unpaid caregivers, home changes-). A literature review of English language studies published in the last 6 years is conducted to analyze the costs of MS. We search PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus as databases. The search identified 131 unique records, 31 of which met the inclusion criteria. Living with MS is expensive as a significant chronic disease. The important cost determinants are the direct costs of drugs and indirect productivity loss. Our findings show that the burden of MS needs to overcome the underestimation problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1678055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:23:38Z","timestamp":1772515418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An updated review of the economic burden of multiple sclerosis: direct and indirect costs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Paloma","family":"Lanza-Leon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Econom\u00eda, Universidad de Cantabria","place":["Santander, Spain"]},{"name":"Health Economics Research Group, Valdecilla Biomedical Institute Research - IDIVAL","place":["Santander, Spain"]},{"name":"Santander Financial Institute \u2013 SANFI","place":["Santander, 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