{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:15:51Z","timestamp":1793229351448,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of microRNAs are implicated in aging, cell senescence, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly, miR-34a levels in the brain are increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but its mechanistic role in AD pathogenesis is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In order to investigate the role of miR-34a in AD, we produced an AD mouse model, Tg-SwDI mice, with whole body\/constitutive miR-34a knockout (KO). Their cognitive function was evaluated by Morris water maze. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used for neuropathological evaluation. Bulk RNA-seq followed by bioinformatics was used for hippocampal transcriptomics. The effect of miR-34a knockdown on expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) was determined using cultured microglial cells and quantitative PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MiR-34a KO improved long-term memory in Tg-SwDI mice, which was associated with decreases in the ratio of insoluble A\u03b242 to A\u03b240 and with increases in soluble and insoluble A\u03b240 in the cerebral cortex. Anti-Iba1 immunofluorescence revealed increases in activated microglia. Bulk RNA-sequencing of the hippocampus followed by a gene set enrichment analysis (Enrichr) identified \u201ccellular response to type I interferon\u201d and \u201ctype I interferon signaling pathway\u201d as the most prominent gene sets in miR-34a KO Tg-SwDI mice compared to miR-34a wild-type Tg-SwDI mice. Many interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that characterize interferon responsive microglia (IRM) were upregulated in miR-34a KO Tg-SwDI mice. MiR-34a knockdown strongly enhanced ISGs expression in TLR7 ligand-stimulated BV2 and primary microglia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that miR-34a inhibits the transition of microglia to the IRM state that may modulate synaptic and cognitive functions in neurodegenerative diseases and aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1694824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T05:19:24Z","timestamp":1771910364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MiR-34a deficiency enhances nucleic acid sensing and type I IFN signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Junling","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George Elliot","family":"Tsourdinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]},{"name":"Endeavor Health Cardiovascular Institute, University of Chicago","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Holas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Maienschein-Cline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Lalonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Laboratoire Stress, Immunit\u00e9, Pathog\u00e8nes (UR SIMPA)","place":["Vand\u0153uvre-les-Nancy, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichiro","family":"Fukuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10020042","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes mediated chronic inflammation: A potential biomarker in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332661","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk factors and neurodegeneration: a review of the mechanisms underlying diabetes, obesity and hypertension in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"95","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010041","article-title":"Thirty risk factors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease unified by a common neuroimmune-neuroinflammation mechanism","volume":"14","author":"Weaver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08494","article-title":"Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases","volume":"461","author":"Manolio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2802","article-title":"Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Lambert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15178","article-title":"Genome-scale measurement of off-target activity using Cas9 toxicity in high-throughput screens","volume":"8","author":"Morgens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3916","article-title":"Rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2 implicate microglial-mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Sims","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0358-2","article-title":"Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Abeta, tau, immunity and lipid processing","volume":"51","author":"Kunkle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0616-08.2008","article-title":"Microglial dysfunction and defective beta-amyloid clearance pathways in aging Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice","volume":"28","author":"Hickman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2594-19.2020","article-title":"The dual role of microglia in the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Onuska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1554398","article-title":"The dual role of microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from immune regulation to pathological progression","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85625-4","article-title":"Effect of memantine, an anti-Alzheimer\u2019s drug, on rodent microglial cells in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Murakawa-Hirachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration","volume":"140","author":"Glass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70254-6","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach in neurofibromatosis 1","volume":"14","author":"Palazzuoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00272","article-title":"Commentary: attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism","volume":"3","author":"Sarrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07672","article-title":"Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals","volume":"458","author":"Guttman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075013","article-title":"microRNA regulation of inflammatory responses","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00265","article-title":"The involvement of microRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"7","author":"Maciotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.25","article-title":"MicroRNA regulatory networks in human adipose tissue and obesity","volume":"11","author":"Arner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123069","article-title":"Adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNA-34a inhibits M2 macrophage polarization to promote obesity-induced adipose inflammation","volume":"129","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.09.008","article-title":"Macrophage miR-34a is a key regulator of cholesterol efflux and atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2011.02582.x","article-title":"A survey of the outcome of prophylaxis, on-demand or combined treatment in 20\u201335 year old men with severe haemophilia in four European countries","volume":"17","author":"Noone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100371","article-title":"Circulatory miR34a as an RNAbased, noninvasive biomarker for brain aging","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9105-6","article-title":"Analysis of RNA from Alzheimer\u2019s disease post-mortem brain tissues","volume":"53","author":"Clement","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2161\u20130460.1000312","article-title":"Alterations in micro RNA-messenger RNA (miRNA-mRNA) coupled signaling networks in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) hippocampal CA1","volume":"7","author":"Jaber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"Anxiety-like behavior and dysregulation of miR-34a in triple transgenic mice of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.620899","article-title":"Integrated miRNA-Seq and mRNA-Seq Study to Identify miRNAs Associated With Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Post-mortem Brain Tissue Samples","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14811","article-title":"National trends and geographic variation in availability of home health care: 2002-2015","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15606147","article-title":"MiR-34a regulates blood-brain barrier permeability and mitochondrial function by targeting cytochrome c","volume":"36","author":"Bukeirat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59997-y","article-title":"MiR-34a Interacts with Cytochrome c and Shapes Stroke Outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.07.013","article-title":"miR-34a and its novel target, NLRC5, are associated with HPV16 persistence","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301397","article-title":"The p53 transcription factor modulates microglia behavior through microRNA-dependent regulation of c-Maf","volume":"192","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150211","article-title":"microRNA-34a-mediated down-regulation of the microglial-enriched triggering receptor and phagocytosis-sensor TREM2 in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202002_20199","article-title":"MicroRNA-34a suppresses neuronal apoptosis and alleviates microglia inflammation by negatively targeting the Notch pathway in spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Jian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.7102","article-title":"miR-34a alleviates spinal cord injury via TLR4 signaling by inhibiting HMGB-1","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.03.018","article-title":"MiR-34a inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through targeting Notch1 in murine macrophages","volume":"318","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100260","article-title":"Sex differences in a murine model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy","volume":"14","author":"Maniskas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113882","article-title":"Assessment of sex-related neuropathology and cognitive deficits in the Tg-SwDI mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"428","author":"Setti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.045","article-title":"MyD88 deficiency ameliorates beta-amyloidosis in an animal model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"179","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1967-16.2016","article-title":"Innate immunity stimulation via toll-like receptor 9 ameliorates vascular amyloid pathology in Tg-SwDI mice with associated cognitive benefits","volume":"37","author":"Scholtzova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","article-title":"featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features","volume":"30","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks042","article-title":"Differential expression analysis of multifactor RNA-Seq experiments with respect to biological variation","volume":"40","author":"McCarthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J R Stat Society: Ser B (Methodological)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06207","article-title":"Critical limitations of consensus clustering in class discovery","volume":"4","author":"Senbabaoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-128","article-title":"Enrichr: interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk7844","article-title":"Tlr7 drives sex differences in age- and Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related demyelination","volume":"386","author":"Lopez-Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl249","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptor signalling in Abeta uptake and clearance","volume":"129","author":"Tahara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312946200","article-title":"Early-onset and robust cerebral microvascular accumulation of amyloid beta-protein in transgenic mice expressing low levels of a vasculotropic Dutch\/Iowa mutant form of amyloid beta-protein precursor","volume":"279","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.03.007","article-title":"Comparison of Abeta levels in the brain of familial and sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Hellstrom-Lindahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.264473","article-title":"Structural basis for increased toxicity of pathological abeta42:abeta40 ratios in Alzheimer disease","volume":"287","author":"Pauwels","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2681-2","article-title":"The innate immunity protein IFITM3 modulates gamma-secretase in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"586","author":"Hur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.05.012","article-title":"Intracranial IL-17A overexpression decreases cerebral amyloid angiopathy by upregulation of ABCA1 in an animal model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00149","article-title":"Targeting microglial population dynamics in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: are we ready for a potential impact on immune function","volume":"14","author":"Martin-Estebane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2021.1839414","article-title":"Small-molecule CSF1R kinase inhibitors; review of patents 2015-present","volume":"31","author":"Denny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.04.002","article-title":"Characterization of a p53\/miR-34a\/CSF1R\/STAT3 feedback loop in colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70126","article-title":"Type I interferon signalling and interferon-responsive microglia in health and disease","volume":"292","author":"Lopez-Atalaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.05.023","article-title":"miR-34a knockout attenuates cognitive deficits in APP\/PS1 mice through inhibition of the amyloidogenic processing of APP","volume":"182","author":"Jian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.01.045","article-title":"miR-34a deficiency in APP\/PS1 mice promotes cognitive function by increasing synaptic plasticity via AMPA and NMDA receptors","volume":"670","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.09.014","article-title":"Cholinergic neurodegeneration in an Alzheimer mouse model overexpressing amyloid-precursor protein with the Swedish-Dutch-Iowa mutations","volume":"136","author":"Foidl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.05.013","article-title":"Pathology of nNOS-expressing GABAergic neurons in mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"384","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115189","article-title":"Tg-SwDI transgenic mice: A suitable model for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy basic research and preclinical studies","volume":"387","author":"Rodriguez-Lopez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15010047","article-title":"Behavioral and neuronal characterizations, across ages, of the TgSwDI mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.68204","article-title":"Altered hippocampal transcript profile accompanies an age-related spatial memory deficit in mice","volume":"11","author":"Verbitsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113649","article-title":"Age-related cognitive decline in spatial learning and memory of C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"418","author":"Hendrickx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.2789","article-title":"Abeta42 and Abeta40: similarities and differences","volume":"21","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pept Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.211","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of Alzheimer\u2019s disease Abeta peptides is induced by small changes in the Abeta42 to Abeta40 ratio","volume":"29","author":"Kuperstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39479","article-title":"miR-34a is a microRNA safeguard for Citrobacter-induced inflammatory colon oncogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111723","article-title":"Different methods for evaluating microglial activation using anti-ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 immunohistochemistry in the cuprizone model","volume":"11","author":"Wittekindt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","article-title":"A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"169","author":"Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","article-title":"The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"47","author":"Krasemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.099","article-title":"The major risk factors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: age, sex, and genes modulate the microglia response to abeta plaques","volume":"27","author":"Sala Frigerio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.004","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain reveals complex cell-state changes","volume":"50","author":"Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.020","article-title":"Type-I-interferon-responsive microglia shape cortical development and behavior","volume":"187","author":"Escoubas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00263-1","article-title":"CNS disease associated with enhanced type I interferon signalling","volume":"23","author":"Crow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07220-7","article-title":"Formation of memory assemblies through the DNA-sensing TLR9 pathway","volume":"628","author":"Jovasevic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab337","article-title":"A genetic link between risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and severe COVID-19 outcomes via the OAS1 gene","volume":"144","author":"Magusali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.03.018","article-title":"Concerted type I interferon signaling in microglia and neural cells promotes memory impairment associated with amyloid beta plaques","volume":"55","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1403142","article-title":"In sickness and in health-Type I interferon and the brain","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2023.01.001","article-title":"Sex differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1694824\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T05:19:27Z","timestamp":1771910367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1694824\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1694824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1694824","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"article-number":"1694824"}}