{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:02:41Z","timestamp":1784264561523,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are autoimmune, systemic diseases that affect skeletal muscles. The causes are not fully understood. IIMs present with proximal weakness, elevated muscle enzymes (primarily creatine phosphokinase, or CPK), and multiorgan involvement, often pulmonary. Muscle tissue shows leukocyte infiltration, and specific autoantibodies are present. We aimed to investigate the possible association between the\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs16944 polymorphism and the risk of developing IIMs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 57 patients with IIMs and 50 healthy controls. The\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs16944 polymorphism was analyzed. Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs), myositis-associated autoantibodies (MAAs), and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) were determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The IIM subtypes in our patients were dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis, amyopathic DM, juvenile DM, cancer-associated myositis, scleromyositis, and antisynthetase syndrome. The three most frequent were DM (47.4%), polymyositis (22.8%), and cancer-associated myositis (17.5%). Regarding ANAs, the three most frequent patterns in patients were AC-4 (nuclear fine speckled, 40%), AC-21 (cytoplasmic reticular\/AMA, 10%), and AC-19 (cytoplasmic dense fine speckled, 8.6%), while 15.7% were negative. About myositis autoantibodies, the most frequent MSAa in IIMs were anti-SAE1 (12.5%), anti-MDA5 (10.7), and anti-TIF1g (10.7%). The most common MAAs were as follows: anti-Ro52 (30.4%), anti-Ku (14.3%), and anti-PM100 (5.4%). Analysis of the\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      polymorphism rs16944 revealed a significant association with susceptibility to IIMS in the codominant model (CC vs. CT, OR = 4.6136, 95% CI: 1.83\u201311.65,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0012), dominant model (OR = 3.432, 95% CI: 1.47\u20137.98,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0044) and overdominant model (OR = 3.587, 95% CI: 1.58\u20137.92,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0021). Considering the female group, between cases and HC, the codominant (CC vs. CT), the dominant, and the overdominant genetic models presented significant differences (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0015, 0.0038, and OR = 4.5043, 95% CI: 1.59\u201312.68,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0044, respectively). Also, a significant association could be observed with DM, polymyositis (PM), DM+PM, juvenile DM, amyopathic DM, antisynthetase syndrome (ASyS), and cancer-associated myositis (CAM). Enzyme levels of CPK presented significant differences in our IIMs patients. The rs16944 polymorphism is significantly associated with various clinicopathological characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study has, for the first time, revealed an association between the\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      rs16944 CC (codominant and dominant models) and CCTT (overdominant) genotypes and the IIMs phenotype (OR = 4.6136, 3.4232, and 3.5387, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1697044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:41:25Z","timestamp":1775022085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between IL1B rs16944 polymorphism and the risk of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda-De la Torre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Inmunolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara","place":["Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico"]},{"name":"Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaria de Salud Jalisco","place":["Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Mendoza-Lujambio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab. De Gen\u00e9tica humana. Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Andrade-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Reumatolog\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE)","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Vazquez-Del Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Medicina Interna, Especialidad en Reumatolog\u00eda 004086, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca","place":["Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico"]},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Reumatolog\u00eda y del Sistema M\u00fasculo Esquel\u00e9tico, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara","place":["Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Lamadrid-G\u00e1mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaria de Salud Jalisco","place":["Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rostro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"P\u00e9rez-Covarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, Centro de Estudios de Investigacion Basica y Clinica","place":["Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502132920706","article-title":"Polymyositis andc dermatomyositis (First of two parts)","volume":"292","author":"Bohan","year":"1975","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211468","article-title":"2017 european league against rheumatism\/american college of rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups","volume":"76","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann 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