{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:56:46Z","timestamp":1792425406472,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (S-ALI) represents a life-threatening condition with complex molecular pathophysiology and limited therapeutic options. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, particularly long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)\u2013microRNA (miRNA)\u2013mRNA axes, in orchestrating cell type-specific responses during S-ALI. This review synthesizes recent advances illustrating how these regulatory circuits modulate alveolar epithelial apoptosis, endothelial permeability, macrophage polarization, and neutrophil infiltration, thereby driving inflammation, barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Furthermore, we explore the promising therapeutic potential of engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted delivery of ceRNA components\u2014such as miRNA mimics or lncRNA inhibitors\u2014to precisely manipulate these networks. Despite progress, significant challenges remain, including model translatability, functional redundancy, and delivery efficiency. Overcoming these hurdles may unlock novel strategies for treating S-ALI, moving toward personalized and context-specific interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1701440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:22:52Z","timestamp":1769577772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Decoding the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in sepsis-induced lung injury: from pathogenesis to extracellular vesicle-based therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yating","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiye","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The People\u2019s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoqian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongzong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00816-9","article-title":"Signaling pathways and intervention therapies in sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0289","article-title":"Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Shankar-Hari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(67)90168-7","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress in adults","volume":"2","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm200005043421806","article-title":"The acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Ware","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.F305","article-title":"Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: four decades of inquiry into pathogenesis and rational management","volume":"33","author":"Matthay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","article-title":"Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries","volume":"315","author":"Bellani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06994-2","article-title":"Acute lung injury: pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002","article-title":"MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions","volume":"136","author":"Bartel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3162","article-title":"MicroRNAs and their targets: recognition, regulation and an emerging reciprocal relationship","volume":"13","author":"Pasquinelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2015.10","article-title":"Unique features of long non-coding RNA biogenesis and function","volume":"17","author":"Quinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.20","article-title":"Endogenous microRNA sponges: evidence and controversy","volume":"17","author":"Thomson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-015-0129-1","article-title":"Competing endogenous RNA networks: tying the essential knots for cancer biology and therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Sanchez-Mejias","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12986","article-title":"The multilayered complexity of ceRNA crosstalk and competition","volume":"505","author":"Tay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.03.007","article-title":"The Landscape of long noncoding RNA classification","volume":"31","author":"St Laurent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-025-10021-x","article-title":"Mechanism of lncRNA gadd7 regulating mitofusin 1 expression by recruiting LSD1 to down-regulate H3K9me3 level, and mediating mitophagy in alveolar type II epithelial cell apoptosis in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01111-x","article-title":"Plasma-derived extracellular vesicles prime alveolar macrophages for autophagy and ferroptosis in sepsis-induced acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9994","article-title":"Can 'permissive' hypercapnia modulate the severity of sepsis-induced ALI\/ARDS","volume":"15","author":"Curley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1605797","article-title":"Alveolar epithelial cells in bacterial sepsis-associated acute lung injury: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07694-z","article-title":"Sepsis: key insights, future directions, and immediate goals. A review and expert opinion","volume":"50","author":"Martin-Loeches","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104363","article-title":"Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis","volume":"86","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12535","article-title":"lncRNA NEAT1 promotes hypoxia-induced inflammation and fibrosis of alveolar epithelial cells via targeting miR-29a\/NFATc3 axis","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.10.034","article-title":"Blocking SNHG14 antagonizes lipopolysaccharides-induced acute lung injury via SNHG14\/miR-124-3p axis","volume":"263","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7890288","article-title":"lncRNA-SNHG14 Plays a Role in Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide through Regulating Autophagy via miR-223-3p\/Foxo3a","volume":"2021","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2019.104357","article-title":"LncRNA GAS5 suppresses inflammatory responses and apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells by targeting miR-429\/DUSP1","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2021.1928693","article-title":"LncRNA CASC2 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating the miR-152-3p\/PDK4 axis","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2023.113685","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA PFI inhibits apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells to alleviate lung injury via miR-328-3p\/Creb1 axis","volume":"430","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.13045","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 inhibition attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury through modulating the miR-129-5p\/PAX6\/ZEB2 axis","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03633-y","article-title":"MIR99AHG inhibits EMT in pulmonary fibrosis via the miR-136-5p\/USP4\/ACE2 axis","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103194","article-title":"Histone lactylation-regulated METTL3 promotes ferroptosis via m6A-modification on ACSL4 in sepsis-associated lung injury","volume":"74","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.832432","article-title":"Electroacupuncture alleviates LPS-induced ARDS through \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated inhibition of ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003342","article-title":"Effect of endothelial responses on sepsis-associated organ dysfunction","volume":"137","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101442","article-title":"Decoding emerging viral sepsis: Molecular crosstalk, dysregulation, and precision strategies","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2022-0446","article-title":"NORAD modulates miR-30c-5p-LDHA to protect lung endothelial cells damage","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Med (Wars)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00332-0","article-title":"Propofol attenuates lung ischemia\/reperfusion injury though the involvement of the MALAT1\/microRNA-144\/GSK3\u03b2 axis","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2023-0317OC","article-title":"Foxq1 promotes alveolar epithelial cell death through tle1-mediated inhibition of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"71","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12722","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle ITGAM and ITGB2 mediate severe acute pancreatitis-related acute lung injury","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02091-y","article-title":"LncRNA H19 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating the miR-107\/TGFBR3 axis","volume":"22","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3385","article-title":"lncRNA OIP5-AS1 knockdown or miR-223 overexpression can alleviate LPS-induced ALI\/ARDS by interfering with miR-223\/NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"24","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gene Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.S255696","article-title":"LINC00612\/miR-31-5p\/notch1 axis regulates apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells induced by cigarette smoke extract","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14202","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA ANRIL alleviates hypoxia-induced pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell damage","volume":"54","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci170501","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and infection: evolving concepts of therapeutic targeting","volume":"133","author":"Malainou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00203-0","article-title":"Deleting fibroblast growth factor 2 in macrophages aggravates septic acute lung injury by increasing M1 polarization and inflammatory cytokine secretion","volume":"5","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol BioMed"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113715","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in sepsis: Emerging role and clinical application prospect","volume":"144","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2018.1439480","article-title":"Knockdown of LncRNA MALAT1 contributes to the suppression of inflammatory responses by up-regulating miR-146a in LPS-induced acute lung injury","volume":"59","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Con Tissue Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-021-02590-x","article-title":"LncRNA-MEG3 Regulates the Inflammatory Responses and Apoptosis in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Infected with Haemophilus parasuis Through Modulating the miR-210\/TLR4 Axis","volume":"78","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2022.12582","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 participates in ventilator-induced lung injury by regulating miR-20b expression","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04180-y","article-title":"Suppression of lncRNA NLRP3 inhibits NLRP3-triggered inflammatory responses in early acute lung injury","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103752","article-title":"Silencing of long non-coding RNA MEG3 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by acting as a molecular sponge of microRNA-7b to modulate NLRP3","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1987132","article-title":"Overexpressing long non-coding RNA OIP5-AS1 ameliorates sepsis-induced lung injury in a rat model via regulating the miR-128-3p\/Sirtuin-1 pathway","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1207-7","article-title":"Down-regulation of long non-coding RNA SNHG14 protects against acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide through microRNA-34c-3p-dependent inhibition of WISP1","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.810865","article-title":"MIP From Legionella pneumophila Influences the Phagocytosis and Chemotaxis of RAW264.7 Macrophages by Regulating the lncRNA GAS5\/miR-21\/SOCS6 Axis","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031875","article-title":"The competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulation in porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4\/21) infected by swine influenza virus (H1N1 and H3N2)","volume":"23","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.689866","article-title":"Neutrophil-dependent immunity during pulmonary infections and inflammations","volume":"12","author":"Effah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012295","article-title":"Neutrophils in acute inflammation: current concepts and translational implications","volume":"139","author":"Margraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660760","article-title":"\u03b22 integrin regulation of neutrophil functional plasticity and fate in the resolution of inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Sekheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306457","article-title":"Dying to defend: neutrophil death pathways and their implications in immunity","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00367-3","article-title":"Depression of lncRNA MINCR antagonizes LPS-evoked acute injury and inflammatory response via miR-146b-5p and the TRAF6-NFkB signaling","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.07.021","article-title":"LncRNA THRIL aggravates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating miR-424\/ROCK2 axis","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.102600","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA X-inactive specific transcript silencing ameliorates primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation through microRNA-21-dependent mechanism","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116380","article-title":"Identification of potential biomarkers for sepsis based on neutrophil extracellular trap-related genes","volume":"110","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115346","article-title":"Exploring the potential of cell-derived vesicles for transient delivery of gene editing payloads","volume":"211","author":"Leandro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00614","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate sepsis-induced acute lung injury through a microRNA-150-5p-dependent mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1513196","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers and therapeutic potential of milk exosome-mediated CCL7 siRNA in murine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306156","article-title":"Endothelium-derived engineered extracellular vesicles protect the pulmonary endothelial barrier in acute lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c00016","article-title":"A novel peptide-equipped exosomes platform for delivery of antisense oligonucleotides","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01067-4","article-title":"The role of natural products targeting macrophage polarization in sepsis-induced lung injury","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116235","article-title":"Unveiling the role of ferroptosis-associated exosomal non-coding RNAs in cancer pathogenesis","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.01.073","article-title":"Mannose-modified exosomes loaded with MiR-23b-3p target alveolar macrophages to alleviate acute lung injury in Sepsis","volume":"379","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Control Rel"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0bm01735c","article-title":"'Golden' exosomes as delivery vehicles to target tumors and overcome intratumoral barriers: in vivo tracking in a model for head and neck cancer","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5lc00279f","article-title":"An integrated microfluidic chip for synchronous drug loading, separation and detection of plasma exosomes","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03739-w","article-title":"What can urinary exosomes tell us","volume":"78","author":"Vitorino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02830-9","article-title":"S-RBD-modified and miR-486-5p-engineered exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells suppress ferroptosis and alleviate radiation-induced lung injury and long-term pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01382-y","article-title":"Engineered exosomes from different sources for cancer-targeted therapy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101732","article-title":"An exosome-based nanoplatform for siRNA delivery combined with starvation therapy promotes tumor cell death through autophagy, overcoming refractory KRAS-mutated tumors and restoring cetuximab chemosensitivity","volume":"32","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500637","article-title":"Engineering extracellular vesicles derived from 3D cultivation of BMSCs enriched with HGF ameliorate sepsis-induced lung epithelial barrier damage","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-06038-4","article-title":"Sepsis-induced acute lung injury: AUF1 regulates pyroptosis via ETS2\/ZDHHC21-mediated STING palmitoylation: A therapeutic target for lung injury","volume":"83","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03775-3","article-title":"Exosomal miR-30d-5p of neutrophils induces M1 macrophage polarization and primes macrophage pyroptosis in sepsis-related acute lung injury","volume":"25","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400647","article-title":"Endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote aberrant neutrophil trafficking and subsequent remote lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Zi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.12.008","article-title":"ASC-expressing pyroptotic extracellular vesicles alleviate sepsis by protecting B cells","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111519","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of ADSC-EV-derived lncRNA DLEU2: A novel molecular pathway in alleviating sepsis-induced lung injury via the miR-106a-5p\/LXN axis","volume":"130","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05474-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived acetic acids promoted sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by delaying neutrophil apoptosis through FABP4","volume":"81","author":"Xuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.102318","article-title":"Characterization of dipyridamole as a novel ferroptosis inhibitor and its therapeutic potential in acute respiratory distress syndrome management","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S492902","article-title":"MiRNAs and neutrophil-related membrane proteins from plasma-derived extracellular vesicles for early prediction of organ dysfunction and prognosis in septic patients","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02597-z","article-title":"Macrophage biomimetic nanoparticle-targeted functional extracellular vesicle micro-RNAs revealed via multiomics analysis alleviate sepsis-induced acute lung injury","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00607-8","article-title":"An engineered miRNA PS-OMe miR130 inhibits acute lung injury by targeting eCIRP in sepsis","volume":"29","author":"Borjas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.03.009","article-title":"Engineered EVs designed to target diseases of the CNS","volume":"356","author":"Nieland","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Rel"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.06.040","article-title":"Therapeutic transplantation of mitochondria and Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanistic insights into mitochondria bioenergetics, redox signaling, and organelle dynamics in preclinical models","volume":"238","author":"Perrier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24201","article-title":"Down-regulating lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 relieves type II alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis during one-lung ventilation via modulating miR-129-5p\/HMGB1 axis induced pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.586869","article-title":"Knockdown of lncRNA MALAT1 Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibiting Apoptosis Through the miR-194-5p\/FOXP2 Axis","volume":"8","author":"Nan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-021-01103-1","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by regulating miR-424-5p\/MAPK14 axis","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes Genomics"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2022.10.008","article-title":"Clinical value and mechanism of long non-coding RNA UCA1 in acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-3064","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA CHRF accelerates LPS-induced acute lung injury through microRNA-146a\/Notch1 axis","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-01957-5","article-title":"Sevoflurane anesthesia ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) by modulating a novel LncRNA LINC00839\/miR-223\/NLRP3 axis","volume":"22","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.S405566","article-title":"MEG3 regulates CSE-induced apoptosis by regulating miR-421\/DFFB signal axis","volume":"18","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04209-y","article-title":"MIR3142HG promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by regulating miR-450b-5p\/HMGB1 axis","volume":"476","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24962","article-title":"Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal long noncoding RNA PICALM-AU1 promotes pulmonary endothelial cell endothelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatopulmonary syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000002217","article-title":"SNHG16 alleviates pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting the Warburg effect through regulating MTCH2 expression: experimental studies","volume":"111","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.11.067","article-title":"Silencing long non-coding RNA SNHG3 repairs the dysfunction of pulmonary microvascular endothelial barrier by regulating miR-186-5p\/Wnt axis","volume":"639","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-1084-3","article-title":"LncRNA TUG1 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by targeting miR-34b-5p\/GAB1","volume":"20","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10338","article-title":"lncRNA TUG1 regulates human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis via sponging of the miR-9a-5p\/BCL2L11 axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.2024.J067","article-title":"Long Noncoding RNA GAS5 Contributes to Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia by Regulating NF-\u03baB via miR-29c\/HMGB1 Axis","volume":"264","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01902148.2021.1887967","article-title":"Silencing of long noncoding RNA H19 alleviates pulmonary injury, inflammation, and fibrosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome through regulating the microRNA-423-5p\/FOXA1 axis","volume":"47","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Lung Res"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aao2387","article-title":"MEG3\u20134 is a miRNA decoy that regulates IL-1\u03b2 abundance to initiate and then limit inflammation to prevent sepsis during lung infection","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Signal"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1701440\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:22:53Z","timestamp":1769577773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1701440\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1701440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1701440","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"article-number":"1701440"}}