{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:47:16Z","timestamp":1782730036015,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Culturing bone marrow (BM) with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is the most commonly used standard method of generating mouse dendritic cells (DCs)\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , although the development of those MHC II\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    GM-CSF\u2013induced DCs (GM-DCs) remains poorly elucidated. Here, we have characterized that\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    -generated GM-DCs from the BM comprise two distinct subsets distinguished by the expression of CD32b, arising at a different time from a separate progenitor lineage. Monocyte-dendritic cell progenitors (MDPs) give rise to CD32b\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    GM-DCs within the first week of the BM culture, while granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) generate CD32b\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    GM-DCs at a slower rate and become numerically dominant in the later stages. In addition, there exist separate populations of pre-GM-DCs in the BM culture; Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD32b\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    MHC II\n                    <jats:sup>int<\/jats:sup>\n                    pre-GM-DCs for CD32b\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    GM-DCs and Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD32b\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    MHC II\n                    <jats:sup>int<\/jats:sup>\n                    pre-GM-DCs for CD32b\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    GM-DCs. These two GM-DC subsets also exhibit distinct functions; specifically, CD32b\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    GM-DCs have enhanced capacity to stimulate CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Notably, when adoptively transferred to mice treated with GM-CSF, GMPs selectively generate CD32b\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    GM-DCs\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    with delayed kinetics, compared to MDPs that give rise to heterogeneous GM-DC subsets\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    rather quickly. Therefore, we have identified CD32b as a marker to differentiate two developmentally and functionally distinct GM-DCs, thus demonstrating the heterogeneity of GM-DCs, for the first time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1703978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:55:21Z","timestamp":1780030521000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CD32b defines distinct dendritic cell lineages generated from the culture of bone marrow with GM-CSF"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wanho","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seul Hye","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Kyung","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Young","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae Gyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunology, The Good Capital Institute for Immunology","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-100311-102839","article-title":"Decisions about dendritic cells: Past, present, and future","volume":"30","author":"Steinman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1522","article-title":"Development of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell subtypes from single precursor cells derived in vitro and in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Naik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.08.015","article-title":"Unsupervised high-dimensional 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