{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:08:33Z","timestamp":1788390513749,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has ushered in a remarkable era of prolonged survival for individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Yet this prolonged survival has paradoxically coincided with an increasing burden of non-AIDS-defining malignancies, particularly advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Targeted inhibitors of the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), have now become the cornerstone of modern immunotherapy. Nevertheless, comprehensive studies evaluating the application of these inhibitors in HIV-positive individuals with concurrent lung cancer remain scarce. This review elucidates the dual mechanism of action of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors in this patient population: on one hand, blockade of the PD-1\/PD-L1 axis enhances anti-tumor activity\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while on the other, it reverses latent HIV infection and restores immune function. Current evidence suggests that PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors demonstrate favorable safety and promising efficacy in ART-controlled HIV patients with lung cancer. However, comprehensive clinical trials remain imperative to validate their long-term outcomes, given the existing limitations of small sample sizes and population heterogeneity in current studies. This article seeks to establish a theoretical foundation for tailoring immunotherapy strategies to this unique patient population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1708278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:29:07Z","timestamp":1770708547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade in HIV-associated advanced lung cancer: from mechanisms to clinical 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