{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:02:00Z","timestamp":1771930920370,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a major global health challenge. While T cell-mediated immunity in tuberculosis is well characterized, alterations in circulating B-cell subsets during chronic MDR-TB are less well defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy controls [interferon gamma release assay negative (IGRA\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      )], individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI; IGRA\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and patients with active tuberculosis (ATB) were analyzed using multiparameter flow cytometry panels. Major lymphoid and myeloid populations and detailed B-cell subsets were quantified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Frequencies of major T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell populations were broadly similar across groups. In contrast, patients with ATB showed a reduction in total CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells. Within the B-cell compartment, ATB was characterized by an increased proportion of na\u00efve B cells and a pronounced reduction in antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Circulating marginal zone-like B cells (MZ B, IgD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgM\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD27\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) were also reduced in ATB compared with non-ATB groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis suggested that reduced MZ B-cell frequency may help discriminate individuals with ATB from those without ATB; however, this observation should be interpreted as exploratory given the cohort size and composition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MDR-TB is associated with broad perturbations of the peripheral B-cell compartment, including reduced ASCs and decreased circulating MZ B cells. These findings highlight B-cell dysregulation as a feature of active disease and identify MZ B cells as a subset of interest for further investigation rather than as a stand-alone diagnostic marker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1709981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:18:58Z","timestamp":1770707938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peripheral blood B-cell compartment dysregulation in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is associated with reduced circulating marginal zone-like B cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention for Common Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Comprehensive Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Health, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Science, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanbo","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention for Common Chronic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Comprehensive Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Health, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.93","article-title":"Immunology of tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Flynn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132703","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune responses in tuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095939","article-title":"The immune response in tuberculosis","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Garra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.9.5407","article-title":"Mice deficient in CD4 T cells have only transiently diminished levels of IFN-\u03b3, yet succumb to tuberculosis","volume":"162","author":"Caruso","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080353","article-title":"Delayed protection by ESAT-6-specific effector CD4+ T cells after airborne M. tuberculosis infection","volume":"205","author":"Gallegos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2013.02.014","article-title":"Subpopulations of helper T lymphocytes in tuberculous pleurisy","volume":"93","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e137858","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137858","article-title":"Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis control associates with CXCR3- and CCR6-expressing antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell recruitment","volume":"5","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0903","article-title":"Neutrophils are the predominant infected phagocytic cells in the airways of patients with active pulmonary TB","volume":"137","author":"Eum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2017.10.001","article-title":"Targeting neutrophils for host-directed therapy in tuberculosis","volume":"308","author":"Dallenga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102686","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics of blood reveals a natural killer cell subset depletion in tuberculosis","volume":"53","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0439-x","article-title":"A multi-cohort study of the immune factors associated with M. tuberculosis infection outcomes","volume":"560","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000407","article-title":"Human mucosal associated invariant T cells detect bacterially infected cells","volume":"8","author":"Gold","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.02.009","article-title":"Antibody-mediated immunity against tuberculosis: implications for vaccine development","volume":"13","author":"Achkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.03.003","article-title":"Cytokine-producing B lymphocytes\u2014key regulators of immunity","volume":"20","author":"Lund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/82717","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of polarized cytokine production by effector B and T cells","volume":"1","author":"Harris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074934","article-title":"Immune regulatory function of B cells","volume":"30","author":"Mauri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-016-0133-4","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of peripheral B cell populations during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease","volume":"13","author":"du Plessis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Inflammation (Lond)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939531","article-title":"Memory B cells: effectors of long-lived immune responses","volume":"39","author":"Tangye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03834.x","article-title":"Peripheral blood mononuclear cells immunophenotyping in pulmonary tuberculosis patients before and after treatment","volume":"50","author":"Barcelos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700610","article-title":"Changes in lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"98","article-title":"B lymphocytes and co-stimulatory molecules in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"8","author":"Corominas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6111-1_12","article-title":"The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"783","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13604\/j.cnki.46-1064\/r.2019.07.19","article-title":"Dynamic changes of T cell and B cell subsets in peripheral blood of tuberculosis patients during treatment","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Trop Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0213-z","article-title":"Multi-parameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping distinguishes different stages of tuberculosis infection","volume":"81","author":"Est\u00e9vez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0213-z","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strain infection in macaques results in high bacilli burdens in airways, driving broad innate\/adaptive immune responses","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60255-w","article-title":"Unravelling the transcriptome of the human tuberculosis lesion and its clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Fonseca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114426","article-title":"Splenic marginal zone B cells restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by shaping the cytokine pattern and cell-mediated immunity","volume":"43","author":"Tsai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00263-23","article-title":"B cells in perivascular and peribronchiolar granuloma-associated lymphoid tissue and B-cell signatures identify asymptomatic Mycobacterium tuberculosis lung infection in Diversity Outbred mice","volume":"92","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection Immunity"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1709981\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:00:45Z","timestamp":1771927245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1709981\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1709981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1709981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"article-number":"1709981"}}