{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:28:03Z","timestamp":1791588483145,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Age-associated T cell dysfunction is a defining feature of inflammaging and immunosenescence, the progressive decline in immune competence observed with advancing age. Here we identified the association between aging (defined as age &amp;gt;60) and fungal dysbiosis, notably characterized by increased colonization of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in the oral mucosa. There is also a notable enrichment of other taxa related to the order Saccharomycetales in older individuals. In contrast, younger individuals exhibit a greater abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Yarrowia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Kluyveromyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and various Incertae sedis lineages. Further analysis, stratified by HIV status, shows that older individuals in both healthy and HIV+ groups display significantly higher levels of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gingival tissues reveal that both healthy older group and HIV-positive group exhibit elevated levels of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    FOXP3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    regulatory T cells (T\n                    <jats:sub>regs<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) along with increased salivary concentrations of soluble TLR-2 and IL-6 compared to younger healthy group. Importantly, the abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    is positively correlated with elevated levels of mucosal T\n                    <jats:sub>regs<\/jats:sub>\n                    , dysfunctional T\n                    <jats:sub>regs<\/jats:sub>\n                    (T\n                    <jats:sub>regDys<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and hyperactivated CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments provided mechanistic insights by further demonstrating that\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    can induce both proliferation and dysfunction of T\n                    <jats:sub>regs<\/jats:sub>\n                    in an IL-6 dependent manner, supporting the notion that\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    plays a role in oral T cell senescence and inflammaging. Collectively, these findings underscore a direct relationship between the commensal mycobiome and T\n                    <jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub>\n                    population, which normally promotes mucosal homeostasis but becomes susceptible to dysfunction with aging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1714595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T05:22:51Z","timestamp":1773897771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enrichment of Candida associated with dysbiosis contributes to mucosal CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cell accrual and their dysfunction in aging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University","place":["Cleveland, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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