{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:59:38Z","timestamp":1788490778205,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bile acids (BAs) have evolved from their classical role in lipid digestion to become central signaling molecules that integrate host metabolism, gut microbiota, and immune function. This review examines how diverse BAs regulate both innate and adaptive immunity through specific receptors\u2014including farnesoid X receptor, Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5, vitamin D receptor, and retinoid orphan receptors\u2014modulating the activity of macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells. Tissue\u2212specific BA signaling influences immune homeostasis in the intestine, liver, central nervous system, and tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss the pathogenic role of dysregulated BA signaling in inflammatory, autoimmune, metabolic, and malignant diseases, and evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies that target BA pathways via synthetic ligands, engineered microbes, and dietary modulation. Leveraging BA-immune crosstalk to advance research on precision immunotherapy and microbiome-based interventions is a promising area of research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1719092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:44:32Z","timestamp":1770273872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pleiotropic immunoregulation by bile acids in pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bo-Shen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Gastrointestinal Cancer Medicine and Medical Devices","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Yue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Gastrointestinal Cancer Medicine and Medical Devices","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-An","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Gastrointestinal Cancer Medicine and Medical Devices","place":["Beijing, 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