{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T19:30:13Z","timestamp":1792870213030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014717","name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82200113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous pulmonary disorder characterized by persistent airflow limitation and symptoms of progressive dyspnea, cough, and sputum. While traditionally linked to type 1 immunity, a significant subset of patients presents with eosinophil-predominant type 2 inflammation. These individuals remain at risk of exacerbations despite receiving triple therapy, underscoring the need for novel biologics targeting type 2 pathways. Monoclonal antibodies against targets such as IL-5\/IL-5R\u03b1, IL-4, IL-13, IL-33\/ST-2, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) have shown considerable promise. Therefore, the identification of accurate and accessible biomarkers for type 2 inflammation is crucial. This review summarizes the current applications and future prospects of emerging biologics in eosinophilic COPD, with a specific focus on the role of biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:55:48Z","timestamp":1772088948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Biologics for eosinophilic COPD: current applications and future prospects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202204-0671PP","article-title":"Definition and nomenclature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: time for its revision","volume":"206","author":"Celli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2021.03.005","article-title":"Spanish COPD Guidelines (GesEPOC) 2021: Updated Pharmacological treatment of stable COPD","volume":"58","author":"Miravitlles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00217-6","article-title":"The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020\u201350: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0455CI","article-title":"Targeting type 2 inflammation and epithelial alarmins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A biologics outlook","volume":"208","author":"Rabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15102","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.15102","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine had neutral effect on long-term risk of Malignancy in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14661","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibitor-associated psoriasis: Facts and hypotheses","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108702","article-title":"The role of IL-33\/ST2 in COPD and its future as an antibody therapy","volume":"24","author":"Riera-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215167","article-title":"Eosinophilic inflammation in COPD: from an inflammatory marker to a treatable trait","volume":"76","author":"David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30005-5","article-title":"Blood eosinophil counts as a guide for COPD treatment strategies","volume":"6","author":"Roche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16303","article-title":"Interleukin-5 as a pleiotropic cytokine orchestrating airway type 2 inflammation: Effects on and beyond eosinophils","volume":"79","author":"Buchheit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000537833","article-title":"Normal blood eosinophil counts in humans","volume":"103","author":"Lommatzsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01659-2015","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count to predict bronchial eosinophilic inflammation in COPD","volume":"47","author":"Schleich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S179734","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count as a prognostic biomarker in COPD","volume":"13","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00162414","article-title":"Eosinophilic inflammation in COPD: prevalence and clinical characteristics","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00184-2021","article-title":"Upper airway symptoms associate with the eosinophilic phenotype of COPD","volume":"7","author":"Obling","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30432-0","article-title":"Association of sputum and blood eosinophil concentrations with clinical measures of COPD severity: an analysis of the SPIROMICS cohort","volume":"5","author":"Hastie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.04.010","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count thresholds and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"141","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.01.026","article-title":"Blood eosinophils and outcomes in severe hospitalized exacerbations of COPD","volume":"150","author":"Bafadhel","year":"2016","journal-title":"CHEST"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0840-x","article-title":"Serial blood eosinophils and clinical outcome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"19","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.09.006","article-title":"The use of inhaled corticosteroids for patients with COPD who continue to smoke cigarettes: an evaluation of current practice","volume":"135","author":"Adcock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S419056","article-title":"Novel anti-inflammatory approaches to COPD","volume":"18","author":"Cazzola","year":"2023","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"Pharmacology and therapeutics of asthma and COPD\n          \n          Cham\n          Springer International Publishing\n          Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013432.pub2","article-title":"Anti-IL-5 therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Airways Group, editor","volume":"2020","author":"Donovan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2434","article-title":"Economic burden of COPD in the presence of comorbidities","volume":"148","author":"Mannino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00576-2021","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation in asthma and other airway diseases","volume":"8","author":"Maspero","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31881-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52): results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 3 trials","volume":"394","author":"Bachert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13157","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of itepekimab in healthy adults and patients with asthma: Phase I first-in-human and first-in-patient trials","volume":"15","author":"Kosloski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4624","article-title":"Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease","volume":"15","author":"Gandhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00239-2023","article-title":"Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2023 report: GOLD executive summary","volume":"207","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0209PP","article-title":"Blood eosinophils and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease science committee 2022 review","volume":"206","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2413181","article-title":"Mepolizumab to prevent exacerbations of COPD with an eosinophilic phenotype","volume":"392","author":"Sciurba","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303951","article-title":"Dupilumab for COPD with type 2 inflammation indicated by eosinophil counts","volume":"389","author":"Bhatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200607-995OC","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"175","author":"Rennard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202432","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 antagonists for acute exacerbations of COPD: a randomised double-blind controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Aaron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2018.03.004","article-title":"Emerging biological therapies for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A pairwise and network meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Rogliani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2015.02.001","article-title":"The safety and tolerability of oral AZD5069, a selective CXCR2 antagonist, in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD","volume":"31","author":"Kirsten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201405-0992OC","article-title":"CXCR2 antagonist MK-7123. A phase 2 proof-of-concept trial for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"191","author":"Rennard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202406-597OC","article-title":"Role of monoclonal antibodies in the management of eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Mohamed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann ATS"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1089710","article-title":"The clinical efficacy of type 2 monoclonal antibodies in eosinophil-associated chronic airway diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S42544","article-title":"Cytokine inhibition in the treatment of COPD","volume":"9","author":"Caramori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2022.2160238","article-title":"Biologic therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"23","author":"Matera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01634-x","article-title":"Eosinophils promote pulmonary matrix destruction and emphysema via Cathepsin L","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708208","article-title":"Mepolizumab for eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"377","author":"Pavord","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905248","article-title":"Benralizumab for the prevention of COPD exacerbations","volume":"381","author":"Criner","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30338-8","article-title":"Predicting response to benralizumab in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analyses of GALATHEA and TERRANOVA studies","volume":"8","author":"Criner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602486","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02486-2016","article-title":"A pilot randomised clinical trial of mepolizumab in COPD with eosinophilic bronchitis","volume":"49","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2025.2449889","article-title":"Biologic therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Pitre","year":"2025","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2500012","article-title":"Mepolizumab for COPD with eosinophilic phenotype following hospitalization","volume":"4","author":"Flynn","year":"2025","journal-title":"EJM Evid"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85664","article-title":"Lung-resident eosinophils represent a distinct regulatory eosinophil subset","volume":"126","author":"Mesnil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12627","article-title":"Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"70","author":"Contoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206719","article-title":"Lebrikizumab in moderate-to-severe asthma: pooled data from two randomised placebo-controlled studies","volume":"70","author":"Hanania","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0751","article-title":"Long-term cigarette smoke exposure promotes neutrophil ferroptosis resistance, inducing neutrophil extracellular trap formation and driving glucocorticoid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2401304","article-title":"Dupilumab for COPD with blood eosinophil evidence of type 2 inflammation","volume":"390","author":"Bhatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804092","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma","volume":"378","author":"Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2205982","article-title":"Dupilumab in adults and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"387","author":"Dellon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13040634","article-title":"Dupilumab in inflammatory skin diseases: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Olbrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.10.015","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\u2019s eosinophilic phenotype: Clinical characteristics, biomarkers and biotherapy","volume":"131","author":"Maniscalco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01048-y","article-title":"Spatial adaptation of eosinophils and their emerging roles in homeostasis, infection and disease","volume":"24","author":"Arnold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2341","article-title":"F-box protein FBXL19\u2013mediated ubiquitination and degradation of the receptor for IL-33 limits pulmonary inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.7.785","article-title":"Inhibition of T1\/St2 during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Prevents T Helper Cell Type 2 (Th2)- but Not Th1-Driven Immunopathology","volume":"193","author":"Walzl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.08.039","article-title":"IL-33 blockade affects mediators of persistence and exacerbation in a model of chronic airway inflammation","volume":"144","author":"Allinne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00167-3","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of itepekimab in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD: a genetic association study and randomised, double-blind, phase 2a trial","volume":"9","author":"Rabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B64","unstructured":"Press Release: Itepekimab met the primary endpoint in one of two COPD phase 3 studies\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402231","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02231-2024","article-title":"A phase 2a trial of the IL-33 monoclonal antibody tozorakimab in patients with COPD: FRONTIER-4","volume":"66","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B66","unstructured":"Genentech provides update on astegolimab phase III COPD program\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00556-7","article-title":"Astegolimab, an anti-ST2, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD-ST2OP): a phase 2a, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Yousuf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00005-4","article-title":"IL-33 in COPD: the hunt for responder subgroups","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0006-6","article-title":"Targeting cytokines to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"Barnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00324-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tezepelumab versus placebo in adults with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COURSE): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2a trial","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.2025.211.Abstracts.A1382","article-title":"Bispecific antibody targeting both IL33 and TSLP for asthma and COPD","volume":"211","author":"Ran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401461","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01461-2024","article-title":"A proof-of-mechanism trial in asthma with lunsekimig, a bispecific NANOBODY molecule","volume":"65","author":"Deiteren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0149OC","article-title":"Eosinophil subtypes in adults with asthma and adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"208","author":"Cabrera L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00022-2018","article-title":"Circulating eosinophil levels do not predict severe exacerbations in COPD: a retrospective study","volume":"4","author":"Adir","year":"2018","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301037","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01037-2023","article-title":"The association of blood eosinophil counts and FEV1 decline: a cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000838","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00838-2020","article-title":"High eosinophil counts predict decline in FEV1: results from the CanCOLD study","volume":"57","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03062-1","article-title":"Monitoring COPD patients: systemic and bronchial eosinophilic inflammation in a 2-year follow-up","volume":"24","author":"Pignatti","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00044-X","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation biomarkers and their association with response to dupilumab in COPD (BOREAS): an analysis of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"13","author":"Christenson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-025-00792-9","article-title":"Differences in blood eosinophil level during stable disease and during exacerbation of COPD and exacerbation risks","volume":"203","author":"Kwok","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S165780","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701457","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01457-2017","article-title":"Persistently elevated exhaled nitric oxide fraction is associated with increased risk of exacerbation in COPD","volume":"51","author":"Alc\u00e1zar-Navarrete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026007","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ab71a4","article-title":"Detection of type2 biomarkers for response in COPD","volume":"14","author":"Yamaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2090","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide in pulmonary diseases :a comprehensive review","volume":"138","author":"Barnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111906","article-title":"Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: short-term variability and potential clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Ambrosino","year":"2022","journal-title":"JPM"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.3299","article-title":"Comparative study of periostin expression in different respiratory samples in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"126","author":"G\u00f3rska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S94797","article-title":"Association of blood eosinophils and plasma periostin with FEV1 response after 3-month inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist treatment in stable COPD patients","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113667","article-title":"Periostin and thymic stromal lymphopoietin\u2014Potential crosstalk in obstructive airway diseases","volume":"9","author":"Nejman-Gryz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0818-8","article-title":"Serum periostin does not reflect type 2-driven inflammation in COPD","volume":"19","author":"Carpaij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.05.007","article-title":"Serum periostin in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbations","volume":"93","author":"Konstantelou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200704-543OC","article-title":"IL13 promoter polymorphism \u20131112C\/T modulates the adverse effect of tobacco smoking on lung function","volume":"176","author":"Sadeghnejad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8556","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008556","article-title":"Association of the IL-13 polymorphisms rs1800925 and rs20541 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068222","article-title":"Interleukin-13 \u20131112 C\/T promoter polymorphism confers risk for COPD: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130225","article-title":"Association between the interleukin-13 gene and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in southern Chinese Han population: a case-control study","volume":"126","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3233\/DMA-2011-0807","article-title":"Analysis of sputum markers in the evaluation of lung inflammation and functional impairment in symptomatic smokers and COPD patients","volume":"31","author":"Paone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03356-w","article-title":"Toward precision medicine in COPD: phenotypes, endotypes, biomarkers, and treatable traits","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00097-2021","article-title":"The sputum transcriptome better predicts COPD exacerbations after the withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids than sputum eosinophils","volume":"7","author":"Ditz","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03165-1","article-title":"Exposure to volatile organic compounds and chronic respiratory disease mortality, a case-cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Nalini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701817","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01817-2017","article-title":"Clinical and inflammatory phenotyping by breathomics in chronic airway diseases irrespective of the diagnostic label","volume":"51","author":"De Vries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043664","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043664","article-title":"Potential clinical and economic impact of optimised maintenance therapy on discharged patients with COPD after hospitalisation for an exacerbation in China","volume":"11","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501165","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01165-2025","article-title":"Absolute benefit measures are essential for guiding therapies in COPD in an era of precision medicine: a viewpoint on \u201cnumber needed to treat","volume":"66","author":"Sin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7417.745","article-title":"Strategies to help patients understand risks","volume":"327","author":"Paling","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.086041","article-title":"Patient adherence in COPD","volume":"63","author":"Bourbeau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18333-z","article-title":"Cost-related medication nonadherence in adults with COPD in the United States 2013\u20132020","volume":"24","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.067","article-title":"Factors associated with nonreceipt of recommended COPD medications","volume":"160","author":"Gershon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S525781","article-title":"Real-world experience of dupilumab treatment for patients with COPD - A single center prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Freund","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36642-y","article-title":"Tozorakimab (MEDI3506): a dual-pharmacology anti-IL-33 antibody that inhibits IL-33 signalling via ST2 and RAGE\/EGFR to reduce inflammation and epithelial dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"England","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.971238","article-title":"Smoking status impacts treatment efficacy in smoke-induced lung inflammation: A pre-clinical study","volume":"13","author":"Milad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722371\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:55:51Z","timestamp":1772088951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722371\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"article-number":"1722371"}}