{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T01:12:57Z","timestamp":1787447577383,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To comprehensively summarize risk factors and explore potential mechanisms associated with cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs) in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this review included studies published in English and Chinese that investigated cirAEs risk factors in cancer patients receiving ICIs. A scoping review with systematic search criteria was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, ProQuest, CINAHL, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, and SinoMed from database inception to December to December 31, 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4905 studies were identified and 50 studies were included in this review, encompassing 198,514 participants. Among these, 12.5% experienced at least one cirAEs, with maculopapular rash, pruritus, and unspecified rash being the most common subtypes. A total of 68 distinct risk factors were identified from these studies, categorized into three primary risk domains: demographic factors, clinical characteristics, and biomarkers, including age, gender, BMI, smoking history, specific treatment regimens (e.g., camrelizumab), tumor type (e.g., melanoma), eosinophil count, and cytokine levels, among others. The odds ratios (OR) for reported risk factors demonstrated significant associations with specific cirAEs subtypes, with melanoma patients exhibiting higher risk for multiple cirAEs subtypes. However, there was significant variability in the quality of reporting for these risk factors, emphasizing the need for improved consistency and accuracy in data reporting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A variety of demographic, clinical, and biomarker-related factors contribute to the development of cirAEs. Characterizing these risk factors can address clinical needs for cirAE identification, while further mechanistic studies are needed to enhance management strategies. However, there is a limited amount of high-quality prospective evidence on these risk factors, and the quality of reporting on immunotherapy-related adverse events is inconsistent. Future research should focus on validating clinically valuable risk factors and interrogating mechanisms underlying cirAEs emergence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:25:11Z","timestamp":1776317111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk factors for cutaneous immune-related adverse events: a systematic scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Nursing Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemin","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Medical, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0182","article-title":"Neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"367","author":"Topalian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci (New York Ny)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19750","article-title":"Cutaneous immune-related adverse events in patients with melanoma treated with checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"185","author":"Gault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21596","article-title":"A review of cancer immunotherapy toxicity","volume":"70","author":"Kennedy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ca: A Cancer J For Clin"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.105","article-title":"Dermatologic toxicities to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a review of histopathologic features","volume":"83","author":"Ellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19112","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations induced by check point inhibitors in 120 melanoma patients-the European MelSkinTox study","author":"L\u2019Orphelin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.27145","article-title":"Extended follow-up of chronic immune-related adverse events following adjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy for high-risk resected melanoma","volume":"6","author":"Goodman","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2025.104473","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events among patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer treated with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy: real-world data from the Neo-Real\/GBECAM 0123 study","volume":"83","author":"Andrade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast (Edinburgh Scotland)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.10.001","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Haanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc For Med Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.4318","article-title":"Management of cutaneous immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Nadelmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04451-2","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine is a safe and effective steroid-sparing agent for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.12.005","article-title":"Updates on the immunopathology and genomics of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions","volume":"151","author":"Gibson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16311","article-title":"Cutaneous adverse events: a predictor of tumour response under anti-PD-1 therapy for metastatic melanoma, a cohort analysis of 189 patients","volume":"34","author":"Bottlaender","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereology: Jeadv"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.11.009","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen variation is associated with adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"107","author":"Hasan Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer (Oxford England: 1990)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.069","article-title":"Machine learning for prediction of cutaneous adverse events in patients receiving anti-PD-1 immunotherapy","volume":"84","author":"Lewinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.0354","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of bullous pemphigoid in US patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"158","author":"Said","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.987568","article-title":"Serological biomarkers predict immune-related adverse events and clinical benefit in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-22-1229","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with untreated, HER2-negative, unresectable locally advanced, or metastatic gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a retrospective comparative cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastrointestinal Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31222\/osf.io\/v7gm2","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res Ed)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/m18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.05.021","article-title":"Human leucocyte antigen genotype association with the development of immune-related adverse events in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with single agent immunotherapy","volume":"172","author":"Abed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0052","article-title":"Analysis of characteristics and predictive factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events","volume":"18","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.01.013","article-title":"Impact of aging on immune-related adverse events generated by anti\u2013programmed death (ligand)PD-(L)1 therapies","volume":"129","author":"Baldini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.749064","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events in PD-1 treated melanoma and impact upon anti-tumor efficacy: a real world analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bastacky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Characterization of cutaneous immune-related adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective analysis performed at the Smilow Cancer Center Oncodermatology Clinic","volume-title":"M.D","author":"Belzer","year":"2023"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0455-8","article-title":"Immune related adverse events associated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bertrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.06.885","article-title":"Female sex is associated with higher rates of dermatologic adverse events among patients with melanoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"87","author":"Bui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12019\/j.issn.1671-5144.2023.03.006","article-title":"Analysis of the status and influencing factors of immune\u2043related adverse events in advanced non\u2043small\u2043cell lung cancer patients","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Evid-Based Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.12.031","article-title":"Another side of the association between body mass index (BMI) and clinical outcomes of cancer patients receiving programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)\/ programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors: a multicentre analysis of immune-related adverse events","volume":"128","author":"Cortellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer (Oxford England: 1990)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jayao.2021.0180","article-title":"Immune-related toxicity among adolescent and young adult with melanoma as compared with the elderly","volume":"11","author":"Darwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2021.09.002","article-title":"Analysis of tumor response and clinical factors associated with vitiligo in patients receiving anti-programmed cell death-1 therapies for melanoma: a cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Dousset","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jaad Int"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0094","article-title":"Sex differences in tolerability to anti\u2010programmed cell death protein 1 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma and non\u2010small cell lung cancer: are we all equal","volume":"24","author":"Duma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14063","article-title":"Association between pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and immune-related adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18721","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced vitiligo in advanced melanoma could be related to increased levels of CCL19","volume":"182","author":"Fujimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.640099","article-title":"Differential dermatologic adverse events associated with checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy and combination therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"12","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.045","article-title":"BP180-specific IgG is associated with skin adverse events, therapy response, and overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"82","author":"Hasan Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-23-1144","article-title":"Risk of reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation induced by camrelizumab in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21243","article-title":"Association of pre-existing drug allergies with cutaneous immune-related adverse events among patients on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"187","author":"Jacoby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12083","article-title":"Association between immune-related adverse events and clinical outcome following nivolumab treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"In Vivo (Athens Greece)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.02.017","article-title":"Increased risk of cutaneous immune-related adverse events in patients treated with talimogene laherparepvec and immune checkpoint inhibitors: a multi-hospital cohort study","volume":"88","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.965550","article-title":"Incidence and factors associated with cutaneous immune-related adverse events to immune check point inhibitors: an ambispective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Luangnara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Clinical study on the side-effects of PD-1 inhibitors in the treatment of advanced cancers\n          \n          \n            \n              Li\n              L\n            \n          \n          Sichuan University\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14163\/j.cnki.11-5547\/r.2021.31.049","article-title":"Analysis of factors influencing drug-related adverse reactions in PD-1 immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"16","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Pract Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-022-02695-y","article-title":"Absolute eosinophil count may be an optimal peripheral blood marker to identify the risk of immune-related adverse events in advanced Malignant tumors treated with PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors: a retrospective analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1138305","article-title":"Baseline risk factors associated with immune related adverse events and atezolizumab","volume":"13","author":"Madjar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.02.014","article-title":"Influence of melanoma type on incidence and downstream implications of cutaneous immune-related adverse events in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"88","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21781","article-title":"Clinical associations and classification of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced cutaneous toxicities: a multicentre study from the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Task Force of Dermatology for Cancer Patients","volume":"187","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol28050283","article-title":"Safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in elderly patients: an observational study","volume":"28","author":"Paderi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Oncol (Toronto Ont)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad271","article-title":"Comparative analysis of immune-related adverse events among patients with melanoma on immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"189","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.01.040","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as a predictive biomarker of cutaneous immune-related adverse events after immune checkpoint blockade in patients with advanced melanoma","volume":"89","author":"Stephens","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/s1879-4068(21)00348-9","article-title":"Real-life safety of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in older patients with cancer: an observational study","volume":"13","author":"Storm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Geriatric Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3870\/j.issn.1001-4152.2020.16.035","article-title":"Longitudinal study of skin toxicity caused by immunotherapy in patients with non-small lung cancer","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19540","article-title":"Patterns of cutaneous immune-related adverse events in adults and children with advanced sarcoma: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"184","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.09.096","article-title":"Impact of ethnicity on the diagnosis and management of cutaneous toxicities from immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"84","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02855-1","article-title":"Cytokine changes during immune-related adverse events and corticosteroid treatment in melanoma patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"70","author":"Tyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.09.082","article-title":"Pre-existing inflammatory disease predicts cutaneous immunotherapy toxicity development: A multi-institutional cohort study","volume":"90","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.03.094","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for the development of cutaneous toxicities in patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors: A United States population-level analysis","volume":"86","author":"Wongvibulsin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15106","article-title":"The risk factor analysis for immune-related adverse events in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and their relationship to effectiveness","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tianjin Med J"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110642","article-title":"Association of the CD4(+)\/CD8(+) ratio with response to PD-1 inhibitor-based combination therapy and dermatological toxicities in patients with advanced gastric and esophageal cancer","volume":"123","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13898\/j.cnki.issn.1000-2200.2022.08.025","article-title":"Influencing factors of common adverse reactions of immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bengbu Med Coll"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1259628","article-title":"The association between aspirin use and immune-related adverse events in specific cancer patients receiving ICIs therapy: analysis of the FAERS database","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19803\/j.1672-8629.20230011","article-title":"Immunerelated adverse events and risk factors of carrelizumab in 528 cases of cancer patients","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Pharmacovigilance"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02793-4","article-title":"Circulating leukocyte\u2013platelet complexes as a predictive biomarker for the development of immune-related adverse events in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving anti-PD-(L)1 blocking agents","volume":"70","author":"Zamora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153736","article-title":"Peripheral blood biomarkers predictive of efficacy outcome and immune-related adverse events in advanced gastrointestinal cancers treated with checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16016\/j.2097-0927.202308037","article-title":"Clinical observation on skin adverse reactions after treatment of programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitors","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Army Med Univ"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02247","article-title":"Immunosenescence and its hallmarks: How to oppose aging strategically? A review of potential options for therapeutic intervention","volume":"10","author":"Aiello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.30723","article-title":"Aging, cancer and immunity","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.11.017","article-title":"The interplay between the immune system, tumor suppressor genes, and immune senescence in mesothelioma development and response to immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Nel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc For Study Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2022.2098718","article-title":"Immunosenescence, inflammaging, and cancer immunotherapy efficacy","volume":"22","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf008","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events in older adults receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"54","author":"Esen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01055-8","article-title":"Effect of age on the risk of immune-related adverse events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00787-w","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of sex differences in immune responses","volume":"20","author":"Dunn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19405\/j.cnki.issn1000-1492.2020.08.020","article-title":"Clinical effect of skin barrier repair agent on sensitive skin","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2018-0133","article-title":"The complicated effects of obesity on cancer and immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-021-02211-4","article-title":"Melanoma is associated with an increased risk of bullous pemphigoid: a large population-based longitudinal study","volume":"314","author":"Kridin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1208418","article-title":"Autoimmune bullous dermatoses in cancer patients treated by immunotherapy: a literature review and Italian multicentric experience","volume":"10","author":"Merli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1673-4173.2017.04.001","article-title":"Cutaneous complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors and their treatments","volume":"43","author":"B","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1506332","article-title":"Combining vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors to prime, expand, and facilitate effective tumor immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061383","article-title":"Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC): An intralesional cancer immunotherapy for advanced melanoma","volume":"13","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0336-3","article-title":"Dermatologic reactions to immune checkpoint inhibitors: skin toxicities and immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Sibaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.00950208","article-title":"Aspects of immune dysfunction in end-stage renal disease","volume":"3","author":"Kato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrology: CJASN"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0283-9","article-title":"A new dawn for eosinophils in the tumour microenvironment","volume":"20","author":"Grisaru-Tal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800013","article-title":"Discovery of the IL-23\/IL-17 signaling pathway and the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"201","author":"Hawkes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo0686","article-title":"Granzyme K(+) CD8 T cells form a core population in inflamed human tissue","volume":"14","author":"Jonsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32849-1","article-title":"Distinct metabolic states guide maturation of inflammatory and tolerogenic dendritic cells","volume":"13","author":"Adamik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00212","article-title":"CCL19 and CCR7 expression, signaling pathways, and adjuvant functions in viral infection and prevention","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3424","article-title":"Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 21,000 cases and 95,000 controls identifies new risk loci for atopic dermatitis","volume":"47","author":"Paternoster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306378","article-title":"Aspirin-mediated acetylation of SIRT1 maintains intestinal immune homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Sci (Weinheim Baden-Wurttemberg Germany)"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci169598","article-title":"Aspirin and immunotherapy: a Faustian bargain","volume":"133","author":"Goethe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.004","article-title":"Aspirin reduces colorectal tumor development in mice and gut microbes reduce its bioavailability and chemopreventive effects","volume":"159","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1099811","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway: a key player in tumor-associated immune cells","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900594","article-title":"Cutting edge: targeting thrombocytes to rewire anticancer immunity in the tumor microenvironment and potentiate efficacy of PD-1 blockade","volume":"203","author":"Riesenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.capr-21-0572","article-title":"The COX-2-PGE2 pathway promotes tumor evasion in colorectal adenomas","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Philadelphia Pa)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722781\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:25:21Z","timestamp":1776317121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722781\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1722781","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"article-number":"1722781"}}