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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with\n                      <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) infection tend to exhibit a poorer prognosis compared to those without infection. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated HCC, particularly those linked to metastatic progression, remain poorly understood. This study therefore seeks to elucidate the role of\n                      <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in promoting metastasis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Through a clinical retrospective analysis, we compared overall survival and metastasis incidence between HCC patients with and without\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we conducted integrated multi-omics analyses\u2014including RNA-seq, miRNA-seq, ATAC-seq, WGBS-seq, oxWGBS-seq, and ChIP-seq\u2014to profile 369 metastasis-related genes in\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                      HCC tumors. The expression of three key metastasis-related genes was further validated by RT\u2013qPCR, and Transwell and wound-healing assays were performed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      to confirm the pro-metastatic effect of\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection on HCC cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In HCC patients,\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was associated with poorer overall survival and an increased metastasis rate. We identified 20 metastasis-related genes, with\n                      <jats:italic>SPP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>MMP2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>VCAM1<\/jats:italic>\n                      as central hubs, together with 41 interacting miRNAs and 71 accessible promoter regions. Histone modifications\u2014particularly H3K9ac, H3K27ac and H3K4me3\u2014were correlated with chromatin accessibility in the promoters of these genes. Molecular experiments further demonstrated that\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection enhances the metastatic potential of HCC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study reveals that\n                      <jats:italic>Cs<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection promotes HCC metastasis through gene and epigenetic alterations, providing mechanistic insights and identifying potential targets for early intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1723156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:44:02Z","timestamp":1769582642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The 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