{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:18:03Z","timestamp":1792001883781,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis (Pre-RA) represents a critical stage before the clinical manifestation of RA, characterized by autoimmune dysregulation. Early intervention in this stage can prevent the progression to full-blown RA. This study aimed to develop a robust murine model of Pre-RA and measure the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles (MSC-MVs) as a novel strategy to prevent the onset and progression of autoimmune arthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Low-concentration collagen emulsion was administered subcutaneously at the tail base on days 0 and 21 to establish the preclinical collagen-induced arthritis (Pre-CIA) model. Disease progression was assessed over 45 days based on CIA scoring, body weight monitoring, CT images, histopathology, laboratory tests, and flow cytometry. Pre-CIA mice were treated with MSC-MVs. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of MSC-MVs were measured using\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      fluorescence imaging, and therapeutic efficacy was evaluated through CIA scoring, joint inflammation analysis, complementary imaging, and immunological assays.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We established a mouse model of Pre-CIA characterized by mild arthritis using reduced doses of immunizing agents. Pre-CIA mice were less likely to experience arthritis (59.09%) than CIA mice (95.45%). In addition, Pre-CIA mice exhibited gradual increases in CIA scores and increased histological damage, consistent with Pre-RA. LPS injection accelerated the rapid progression from Pre-CIA to CIA. Micro-CT revealed mild trabecular bone loss and joint erosion in Pre-CIA mice compared to severe damage in CIA mice. Histological staining demonstrated intermediate cartilage and bone damage in Pre-CIA mice, with significant synovial hyperplasia and cartilage loss. The serum levels of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and CRP P&amp;lt;0.05) and RA-specific autoantibodies (anti-CII, and anti-CCP P&amp;lt;0.05) were upregulated in Pre-CIA mice. Flow cytometry revealed immune imbalances in Pre-CIA mice, with a decreased abundance of Tregs and Th2 cells and an increased abundance of Th1, Th17, and Tfh cells. Treatment with MVs prevented the progression of arthritis in Pre-CIA mice, reduced inflammatory marker levels, stabilized bone and cartilage integrity, and restored immune balance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Pre-CIA model effectively reflects the key pathological and immunological features of Pre-RA, providing a robust platform for studying disease mechanisms and early therapeutic interventions. Treatment with MSC-MVs successfully showed reversal of pathological features, highlighting their potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing the progression of Pre-RA to full-blown rheumatoid arthritis. These findings underscore the clinical significance of MSC-MVs in addressing unmet needs in the early management of RA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1723572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:47:54Z","timestamp":1770706074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MSC-derived microvesicles inhibit the progression of arthritis in a murine model of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Shixiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"KeyLaboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"QiuHong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Yue","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiubai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"KeyLaboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2103726","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis \u2014 Common origins, divergent mechanisms","volume":"388","author":"Gravallese","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2302868","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"388","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01525-84","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"402","author":"Di Matteo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00827-y","article-title":"Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Finckh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01126-1","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"402","author":"Schett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2018.02.010","article-title":"Early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Littlejohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Care - Clinics Off Pract"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16766","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies in preclinical stages of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"134","author":"Schulz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pol Arch Internal Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200990","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for terminology and research in individuals at risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: report from the Study Group for Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"71","author":"Gerlag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102797","article-title":"The pre-clinical phase of rheumatoid arthritis: From risk factors to prevention of arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Petrovsk\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.138461","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria an american college of rheumatology\/european league against rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"69","author":"Aletaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2021.101737","article-title":"Pre-RA: Can early diagnosis lead to prevention","volume":"36","author":"Haville","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa219","article-title":"Arthritis autoantibodies in individuals without rheumatoid arthritis: follow-up data from a Dutch population-based cohort (Lifelines)","volume":"60","author":"Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf Eng)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103217","article-title":"Prevention of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic literature review of preventive strategies in at-risk individuals","volume":"22","author":"Frazzei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212612","article-title":"Ability of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs to prevent or delay rheumatoid arthritis onset: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Hilliquin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103001","article-title":"Gut microbiota in pre-clinical rheumatoid arthritis: From pathogenesis to preventing progression","volume":"141","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152562","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abatacept in preclinical rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"69","author":"Asif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheumatism"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212763","article-title":"Effects of B-cell directed therapy on the preclinical stage of rheumatoid arthritis: The PRAIRI study","volume":"78","author":"Gerlag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004622","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004622","article-title":"The effect of rituximab on patient reported outcomes in the preclinical phase of rheumatoid arthritis: 2 year data from the PRAIRI study","volume":"10","author":"Frazzei","year":"2024","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.173","article-title":"Collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Brand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115866","article-title":"Free fatty acid 4 receptor activation attenuates collagen-induced arthritis by rebalancing th1\/th17 and treg cells","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58127-y","article-title":"Sex differences in Tfh cell help to B cells contribute to sexual dimorphism in severity of rat collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Dimitrijevi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105494","article-title":"Animal models to study pathogenesis and treatments of cardiac disorders in rheumatoid arthritis: Advances and challenges for clinical translation","volume":"170","author":"Kessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220043","article-title":"Preclinical models of arthritis for studying immunotherapy and immune tolerance","volume":"80","author":"Meehan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabe0896","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe0896","article-title":"The shared susceptibility epitope of HLA-DR4 binds citrullinated self-antigens and the TCR","volume":"6","author":"Jiajia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-402-5_20","article-title":"The K\/BXN mouse model of inflammatory arthritis: theory and practice","volume":"136","author":"Monach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods Mol Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12141905","article-title":"Management of rheumatoid arthritis: possibilities and challenges of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cell-based therapies","volume":"12","author":"Shimizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114356","article-title":"Enhancers of mesenchymal stem cell stemness and therapeutic potency","volume":"162","author":"Al-Azab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother = Biomedec Pharmacother"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB00422G","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles mediate BMP2 gene delivery and enhance bone regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1327-5","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles on premature ovarian insufficiency in mice","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/apb.2020.038","article-title":"Effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles on megakaryocytic differentiation of CD34+ Hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Aqmasheh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szad065","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal\/stromal stem cells and their derived extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Tsiapalis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cells Trans Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111845","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles in mouse inflammatory arthritis","volume":"131","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25246-7","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing of immune cells from anticitrullinated peptide antibody positive and negative rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.12.007","article-title":"A cellular and molecular view of T helper 17 cell plasticity in autoimmunity","volume":"87","author":"Stadhouders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2015.24","article-title":"Development of synthetic anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and its arthritogenic role","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Trans Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.736196","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of a novel bifidobacterium identified through microbiome profiling of RA patients with different RF levels","volume":"12","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108069","article-title":"The impact of airborne endotoxin exposure on rheumatoid arthritis-related joint damage, autoantigen expression, autoimmunity, and lung disease","volume":"100","author":"Mikuls","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2007.08.001","article-title":"Type II collagen autoimmunity in a mouse model of human rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1838","article-title":"B-cell targeting in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases","volume":"6","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32805e87e0","article-title":"The role of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: New subsets and new targets","volume":"19","author":"Toh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5A0116-025R","article-title":"Circulating T helper and T regulatory subsets in untreated early rheumatoid arthritis and healthy control subjects","volume":"100","author":"Pandya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.5.275","article-title":"Mutual antagonism of rheumatoid arthritis and hay fever; a role for type 1 type 2 T cell balance","volume":"57","author":"Verhoef","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03041-7","article-title":"Stratified distribution of Th17 and Treg cells in patients with multi-stage rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97739-w","article-title":"In vivo generation of collagen specific Tregs with AAV8 suppresses autoimmune responses and arthritis in DBA1 mice through IL10 production","volume":"11","author":"Wade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.076679","article-title":"Duration of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis-related autoantibody positivity increases in subjects with older age at time of disease diagnosis","volume":"67","author":"Majka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0419-6","article-title":"Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis (Autoantibodies): an updated review","volume":"16","author":"Deane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(01)00371-2","article-title":"The molecular pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in mice - A model for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"1","author":"Holmdahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202055","article-title":"C57BL\/6 mice need MHC class II Aq to develop collagen-induced arthritis dependent on autoreactive T cells","volume":"72","author":"B\u00e4cklund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac582","article-title":"Favorable effect of a \u2018second hit\u2019 after 13 weeks in early RA non-responders: The Amsterdam COBRA treat-to-target randomized trial","volume":"62","author":"Hartman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf Eng)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200985","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells are conditionally therapeutic in preclinical models of rheumatoid arhritis","volume":"71","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheumat Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcu033","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells, autoimmunity & Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"107","author":"El-Jawhari","year":"2014","journal-title":"QJM: Mon J Assoc Physicians"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0791-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Novel frontiers in regenerative medicine","volume":"9","author":"Keshtkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1153901","article-title":"Role of stem cell derivatives in inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ji1800304","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800304","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal cell\u2013derived miRNA-150-5p\u2013expressing exosomes in rheumatoid arthritis mediated by the modulation of MMP14 and VEGF","volume":"201","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2022.01.002","article-title":"miR-223 in exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis via downregulation of NLRP3 expression in macrophages","volume":"143","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2022.07.003","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy: A review of clinical trials for multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Alanazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regen Ther"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15376-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes and microparticles protect cartilage and bone from degradation in osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Cosenza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02649-1","article-title":"Abatacept in individuals at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (APIPPRA): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel, placebo-controlled, phase 2b clinical trial","volume":"403","author":"Cope","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0598-4","article-title":"Preventive treatments for rheumatoid arthritis: issues regarding patient preferences","volume":"18","author":"Finckh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04515-y","article-title":"Review: progression and heterogeneity of multiple sources of mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1723572\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:00:28Z","timestamp":1771927228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1723572\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1723572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1723572","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"article-number":"1723572"}}