{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:10:06Z","timestamp":1793059806444,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014764","name":"China International Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-N-01-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-N-01-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) carries high morbidity and mortality, yet its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Emerging evidence underscores the gut-kidney axis as a critical pathway in SA-AKI development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on how sepsis-driven gut dysbiosis compromises intestinal barrier integrity and contributes to SA-AKI, and to explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for publications between 2005 and 2026. Studies focusing on gut-kidney crosstalk mechanisms in sepsis\/AKI were included. Key findings from human and animal studies were summarized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sepsis induces marked gut dysbiosis characterized by loss of microbial diversity and expansion of pathobionts. This dysbiosis compromises intestinal barrier integrity, facilitating translocation of bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Upon entering circulation, these mediators activate systemic inflammation and renal signaling cascades, including the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)\/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) pathway, leading to tubular injury and impaired renal function. Recent human metagenomic studies have identified specific microbial signatures associated with AKI, such as increased\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium asparagiforme<\/jats:italic>\n                      and decreased\n                      <jats:italic>Roseburia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., alongside elevated uremic toxin-producing bacteria like\n                      <jats:italic>Gordonibacter pamelaeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Additionally, gut-derived metabolites including indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) have been implicated in promoting renal inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, renal dysfunction further disrupts gut homeostasis, establishing a pathological gut\u2013kidney feedback loop. Targeting the gut-kidney axis via fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic supplementation, or short-chain fatty acid administration may offer novel therapeutic avenues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis induces gut microbiota dysregulation play an important role in the development of SA-AKI. The intestine-kidney crosstalk may provide a basis for the treatment of sepsis-induced organ injury and also provide new ideas for the treatment of SA-AKI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:29:32Z","timestamp":1780374572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gut microbiota and sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingling","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xi'ning, Qinghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruze","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruowen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueping","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019ning, Qinghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Litao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Sepsis in Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.045","article-title":"Recombinant human thrombopoietin in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated thrombocytopenia: a clinical study","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000508857","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and ferritin in sepsis-associated kidney injury","volume":"144","author":"McCullough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn121430-20230131-00051","article-title":"Research progress of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury based on gut-kidney axis","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa682","article-title":"Sepsis and the microbiome: a vicious cycle","volume":"223","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90769.2008","article-title":"Early exposure to germs modifies kidney damage and inflammation after experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"297","author":"Jang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00647-z","article-title":"Gut microbiome studies in CKD: opportunities, pitfalls and therapeutic potential","volume":"19","author":"Krukowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.345","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora","volume":"83","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319766","article-title":"Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000345969","article-title":"Role of urea in intestinal barrier dysfunction and disruption of epithelial tight junction in chronic kidney disease","volume":"37","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy238","article-title":"Sodium butyrate ameliorates insulin resistance and renal failure in CKD rats by modulating intestinal permeability and mucin expression","volume":"34","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis Transplant"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05532-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates oxidative stress and inflammation: a double-edged sword in renal fibrosis","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.115359","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism as a target in gut microbiota, ageing and kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00408-4","article-title":"Uraemic solutes as therapeutic targets in CKD-associated cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Ravid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.010","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes hyperoxaluria-induced calcium oxalate deposition and kidney injury by activating autophagy","volume":"179","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01913-1","article-title":"Targeting Lactobacillus johnsonii to reverse chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.122.320184","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii attenuates CKD via butyrate-renal GPR43 axis","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106367","article-title":"Inulin-type fructans change the gut microbiota and prevent the development of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"183","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/imna-d-24-00002","article-title":"A possible role of p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate as biomarkers in the prediction of renal function according to the GFR (G) categories","volume":"11","author":"Corradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integr Med Nephrol Androl"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab004","article-title":"Free p-cresyl sulfate shows the highest association with cardiovascular outcome in chronic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Glorieux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis Transplant"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03147-9","article-title":"A metabolomics study of metabolites associated with the glomerular filtration rate","volume":"24","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114447","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in AKI to CKD transition","volume":"161","author":"Saranya","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.985283","article-title":"Contribution of gut microbiota toward renal function in sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2780-3","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of the gut microbiota in the management of sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Bassetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s44231-022-00001-8","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(16)30119-4","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Haak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000197374.99755.fe","article-title":"Altered gut flora and environment in patients with severe SIRS","volume":"60","author":"Shimizu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trauma: Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1649-3","article-title":"Dramatic changes of the gut flora immediately after severe and sudden insults","volume":"56","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digest Dis Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkab036","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiota and sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.S194715","article-title":"Combined administration of antibiotics increases the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in critically ill patients","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18071","article-title":"Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: risk factors, treatment, and prevention","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000293","article-title":"Loss of microbial diversity and pathogen domination of the gut microbiota in critically ill patients","volume":"5","author":"Ravi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Genomics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2087","article-title":"Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity","volume":"16","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.006","article-title":"Gut microbiota-induced immunoglobulin G controls systemic infection by symbiotic bacteria and pathogens","volume":"44","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000000724","article-title":"Clinical utility of characterizing intestinal flora in septic kidney injury","volume":"133","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.97957","article-title":"Gut microbiota\u2013derived D-serine protects against acute kidney injury","volume":"3","author":"Nakade","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.648639","article-title":"Fiber derived microbial metabolites prevent acute kidney injury through G-protein coupled receptors and HDAC inhibition","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2014030288","article-title":"Gut bacteria products prevent AKI induced by ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"26","author":"Andrade-Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2016030255","article-title":"Depletion of gut microbiota protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"28","author":"Emal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mcc.0000000000000150","article-title":"Systemic consequences of acute kidney injury","volume":"20","author":"Druml","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-018-0107-z","article-title":"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Inhibition of inflammation using diacerein markedly improved renal function in endotoxemic acute kidney injured mice","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1199-4","article-title":"Gut derived-endotoxin contributes to inflammation in severe ischemic acute kidney injury","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322260","article-title":"Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners","volume":"69","author":"Paone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-010-0059-9","article-title":"Pilot study of probiotic dietary supplementation for promoting healthy kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-00988-5","article-title":"Microbiota and kidney disease: the road ahead","volume":"21","author":"Bloom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/imna-d-25-00026","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota as a promising therapy for chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integr Med Nephrol Androl"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12798","article-title":"Physiological aspects of Toll\u2010like receptor 4 activation in sepsis\u2010induced acute kidney injury","volume":"219","author":"Anderberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.837500","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota and metabolites in the gut-kidney-heart axis of chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.440","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota, a leaky gut, and abnormal immunity in kidney disease","volume":"83","author":"Anders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70058","article-title":"Metagenomic profiling of gut microbiota in kidney precision medicine project participants with CKD and AKI","volume":"15","author":"Noel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04273-5","article-title":"Is there a correlation between TMAO plasma levels and archaea in the gut of patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"57","author":"Kemp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.101601","article-title":"A metagenome-wide study of the gut virome in chronic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1776-x","article-title":"Greater cardiac response of colloid than saline fluid loading in septic and non-septic critically ill patients with clinical hypovolaemia","volume":"36","author":"Trof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13357","article-title":"Regulation of the intestinal barrier by nutrients: The role of tight junctions","volume":"91","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Sci J"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01168","article-title":"Epithelial cell inflammasomes in intestinal immunity and inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Lei-Leston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169310","article-title":"Blood microbiome quantity and the hyperdynamic circulation in decompensated cirrhotic patients","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20210602","article-title":"Microbiota transplants from feces or gut content attenuated portal hypertension and portosystemic collaterals in cirrhotic rats","volume":"135","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2015.01.007","article-title":"Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: macrohemodynamic and microhemodynamic alterations in the renal circulation","volume":"35","author":"Prowle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169159","article-title":"Sepsis and acute kidney injury: A review focusing on the bidirectional interplay","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.883028","article-title":"Programmed cell death in sepsis associated acute kidney injury","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.06.014","article-title":"The probiotic L. casei Zhang slows the progression of acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0357-4","article-title":"Non-digestible oligosaccharides directly regulate host kinome to modulate host inflammatory responses without alterations in the gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1357178","article-title":"Progress in the study of the correlation between sepsis and intestinal microecology","volume":"14","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1171834","article-title":"Protein modification by short-chain fatty acid metabolites in sepsis: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.12.005","article-title":"Chromatin dynamics and histone modifications in intestinal microbiota-host crosstalk","volume":"38","author":"Fellows","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2023.05.011","article-title":"Septic acute kidney injury and gut microbiome: Should we change our approach","volume":"44","author":"Dicu-Andreescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2197","article-title":"Selective digestive or oropharyngeal decontamination and topical oropharyngeal chlorhexidine for prevention of death in general intensive care: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"348","author":"Price","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res Ed)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2040-y","article-title":"Gut-kidney crosstalk in septic acute kidney injury","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.10.008","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota impact sepsis associated encephalopathy via the vagus nerve","volume":"662","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205037","article-title":"Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile","volume":"368","author":"van Nood","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0738-7","article-title":"Successful treatment of severe sepsis and diarrhea after vagotomy utilizing fecal microbiota transplantation: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1491-2","article-title":"Successful treatment with fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and diarrhea following severe sepsis","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724266\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:29:34Z","timestamp":1780374574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724266\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724266","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"article-number":"1724266"}}