{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:41:31Z","timestamp":1784227291321,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moxibustion is a key component of traditional Chinese medicine and is widely employed in clinical practice as an adjunctive therapy for cancer. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that moxibustion can modulate host immune function, improve the tumor immune microenvironment, and suppress tumor growth. This study aims to evaluate the effects of moxibustion on immune function in animal models of cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted to identify all animal studies on moxibustion therapy for cancer in English-language databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science) and Chinese-language databases (CNKI, Wanfang, CBM, and VIP). Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Statistical analyses were carried out using RevMan 5.4 software. Potential publication bias was assessed using Egger\u2019s test and funnel plots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The initial literature search identified a total of 2639 potentially relevant studies, of which 48 met the predefined inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed that moxibustion therapy significantly inhibited tumor growth in animal models. Compared with the control group, moxibustion was associated with a significant reduction in tumor volume (SMD = -1.79; 95% CI [-2.59, -0.99];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.0001) and tumor weight (SMD = -1.48; 95% CI [-1.88, -1.08];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.00001). The spleen index was elevated (SMD = 0.69; 95% CI [0.08, 1.29];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03), IL-2 levels were increased (SMD = 1.71; 95% CI [0.88, 2.55];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.0001), IFN-\u03b3 levels were elevated (SMD = 1.14; 95% CI [0.72, 1.56];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.00001), while IL-6 levels showed a decreasing trend (SMD = -0.73; 95% CI [-2.42, 0.96];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.40), and TNF-\u03b1 levels were elevated (SMD = 0.24; 95% CI [-0.81, 1.28];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.66).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although this study has certain limitations, the findings indicate that moxibustion therapy exerts an inhibitory effect on tumor growth in animal models of nine cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, gastric cancer, sarcoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, lymphoma, and colorectal cancer. Moxibustion also increases the spleen index, elevates levels of anti-tumor immune cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1, suppresses the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and enhances host immune function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD42024564223.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:46:54Z","timestamp":1773298014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of moxibustion therapies on immune function in cancer animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijia","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01801-2","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of tumor resistance to radiotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgz011","article-title":"Oral mucositis due to high-dose chemotherapy and\/or head and neck radiation therapy","volume":"2019","author":"Lalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Institute Monogr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206211","article-title":"The quality of life of patients with surgically treated colorectal cancer: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"\u015awi\u0105tkowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-014-0171-4","article-title":"Brief review: chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy (CIPPN): current status and future directions","volume":"61","author":"Massey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J anaesthesia = J canadien d\u2019anesthesie"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1168226","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine inhibits PD-1\/PD-L1 axis to sensitize cancer immunotherapy: a literature review","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8274021","article-title":"Efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion as a subsequent treatment after second-line chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evidence-Based complementary Altern medicine: eCAM"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15347354231198089","article-title":"Moxibustion for the treatment of cancer and its complications: efficacies and mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr Cancer therapies"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2108","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine as a cancer treatment: Modern perspectives of ancient but advanced science","volume":"8","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.609705","article-title":"Research status and molecular mechanism of the traditional chinese medicine and antitumor therapy combined strategy based on tumor microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.850155","article-title":"Effectiveness of the sanyin formula plus chemotherapy on survival in women with triple-negative breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04533-y","article-title":"Efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Combined Online Group Psychotherapy (TCM-eRhab) on improving quality of life and relieving psychological burden for colorectal cancer survivors: a study protocol for a phase-II randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC complementary Med therapies"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05489-w","article-title":"HMGB1\/TREM2 positive feedback loop drives the development of radioresistance and immune escape of glioblastoma by regulating TLR4\/Akt signaling","volume":"22","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Trans Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2021.02.001","article-title":"Effects of moxibustion on Treg cells in sarcoma microenvironment","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3170803","article-title":"The combinatorial effect of cisplatin and moxibustion on tumor growth inhibition with special reference to modulation of the immune microenvironment in lewis lung cancer mice","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evidence-Based complementary Altern medicine: eCAM"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.1900946","article-title":"Advances in research on immune mechanism of moxibustion for treating tumor","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.20230001","article-title":"Research progress of acupuncture and moxibustion for the enhanced synergism of chemotherapy","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","article-title":"SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Method"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res ed)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8273732","article-title":"Moxibustion regulates the BRG1\/nrf2\/HO-1 pathway by inhibiting microRNA-222-3p to prevent oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"2024","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.20220820","article-title":"Moxibustion with seed-size moxa cone enhances anti-tumor effect of cyclophosphamide on Hepa1\u20136 hepatoma-bearing mice by regulating apoptosis factor cysteine family","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15347354231198195","article-title":"Effect of moxibustion combined with cisplatin on tumor microenvironment hypoxia and vascular normalization in lewis lung cancer mice","volume":"22","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr Cancer therapies"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Mechanism study on anti-cancer action of moxibustion combined with chemotherapy via tumor immune-vascular microenvironment","author":"Lu","year":"2022"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3684899","article-title":"Grain-sized moxibustion heightens the antiTumor effect of cyclophosphamide in hepa1\u20136 bearing mice","volume":"2022","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evidence-Based complementary Altern medicine: eCAM"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.19917\/j.cnki.1005-0779.021186","article-title":"Effect of moxibustion regulating th1\/th2 drift in TME of sarcoma","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Acupuncture Moxibustion"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"Regulation effect of moxibustion on Treg\/Th17 balance in sarcoma microenvironment","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"China J Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2021.02.001","article-title":"Effects of moxibustion on Treg cells in sarcoma microenvironment","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"Effect and mechanism of 10.6 \u03bcm laser moxibustion onImmune function of lewis lung cancer mice","author":"Jiang","year":"2020"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"The effects of moxibustion on total protein in gastrocnemius muscle, NF-\u03bab activation, and MURF-1 and MAFbx mRNA expression in gastric cancer rats","author":"Shi","year":"2020"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"Study on the effect of laser moxibustion pretreatment onCell immunity of tumor-bearing mice","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Moxibustion in the treatment of breast cancer: From reducing the toxic and side effects of chemotherapy to inhibiting tumor growth","author":"Xue","year":"2020"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Exploration of the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of moxibustion on skeletal muscle wasting in gastric cancer-bearing rats","author":"Zhao","year":"2019"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"The inhibitory effect of moxibustion on tumor growth and its impact on nutritional metabolism in gastric cancer-bearing rats","author":"Chen","year":"2019"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13431\/j.cnki.immunol.j.20190167","article-title":"Effects of moxibustion on the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in gastric tumor-bearing rats","volume":"35","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol J"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Effect of moxibustion-induced HSP70 on tumor growth and immune function in rats with gastric cancer","author":"Tan","year":"2019"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"68","article-title":"Effects of different moxibustion dose to point BL18 on TNF-\u03b1 and AFP of precancerosis in rats with primary hepatic carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Acupuncture Moxibustion"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Effect of moxibustion at zhongfu (LU1) on bcl-2 and bax protein expression in tumor tissues of lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202007_22278","article-title":"Reversaland synergisticeffect of verapamil and moxibustion on vincristine resistance in mice with SGC7901 gastric cancer","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Military Med J Southeast China"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Analysis of curative effect and mechanism of grain-sized moxibustion on hypercoagulability of Malignant tumor","author":"Liu","year":"2017"},{"key":"B41","volume-title":"Grain-sized moxibustion improved the inflammatory microenvironment of non-small cell lung cancer based on IL-6\/STAT3 signaling pathway mechanism exploration","author":"Zhang","year":"2016"},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"The experimental research on the effect of moxibustion danzhong, zhongwan and qihai on mice immune","author":"Xu","year":"2016"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-015-2157-7","article-title":"Effects on the tumor specific growth factor and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 in rats\u2019 precancerous lesion of primary hepatocellular carcinoma by direct moxibustion at Ganshu (BL 18) acupoint","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"key":"B44","volume-title":"Effects of cytokines by th1\/th2 cell in peripheral blood by grain-moxibustion in tumors of body","author":"Huang","year":"2015"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11726-012-0559-z","article-title":"Effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on immunologic suppression in tumor-bearing mice","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acupuncture Tuina Sci"},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Analysis of differentiation of serum proteins from tumor-bearing mice treated with moxibustion","author":"Yu","year":"2011"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.2010.04.004","article-title":"Effects of moxibustion on the expression of IL-1\u03b2,IL-2,IL-6 mRNA and protein in the cerebral cortex in tumor-bearing mice","volume":"35","author":"Pei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Effect of moxibustion on metastasis-suppressor gene expression and immune function in chemotherapy-treated lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice","author":"Li","year":"2005"},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"Effect of grain-sized moxibustion on intestinal mucosal immunity in C-26 colon carcinoma-bearing mice treated with cyclophosphamide chemotherapy","author":"Shuiye","year":"2005"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:1673-8225.2005.47.044","article-title":"Experiment on expression of nm23\u20131 gene in lung cancer mice affected by cantharidin","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"B51","article-title":"Effects of moxibustion at shenque (CV 8) on serum IL-12 level and NK cell activities in mice with transplanted tumor","volume":"24","author":"Qiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"Experimental research on the effect of acupuncture, moxibustion and chinese herbs on the function of cellular immunity of tumor-bearingMice","author":"Xiong","year":"2003"},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"The Effect of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Chinese Herbs on bel-2, bax and PCNA in Cancer Cell of S180 Model Mice","author":"Liu","year":"2003"},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"Experimental study on therapeutic effect and apoptosis of moxibustion in mice with H22 liver cancer","author":"Jiang","year":"2003"},{"key":"B55","article-title":"EEffects of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-2 on H22-Bearing Balb\/c Mice treated by Moxa sticks","author":"Wei","year":"2002"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:1673-8225.2002.16.168","article-title":"Effect of wheat maxibastion of Guanyuan point on immune function and antitumor effect in mice with tumor","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on the IL2-IFN-NKC regulatory network and its relative network M\u03a6-IL1-Th","volume":"1","author":"Fu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University(Medical Sciences)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-1519.2001.05.023","article-title":"Anti-tumor effects of natural moxibustion on transplanted tumors and immune function modulation in mice","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tianjin J Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-038X.2000.05.016","article-title":"Study on moxibustion-potentiated anti-tumor effects of macrophages in mice","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Acupuncture Moxibustion"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-038X.2000.05.016","article-title":"Experimental study on moxibustion effects against colorectal cancer in mouse models","author":"Rao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin J Integrated Traditional Western Med Digestion"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16466\/j.issn1005-5509.1999.05.033","article-title":"Synergistic anti-tumor effects of electrothermal moxibustion and D-phenylalanine on tumor-bearing rats: regulation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Chin Med Univ"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16294\/j.cnki.1007-659x.1999.05.030","article-title":"Comparative study on tumor suppression efficacy of different acupuncture and moxibustion techniques in mice bearing H22 hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Shandong Univ Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B63","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of moxibustion-induced tumor suppression in S180 sarcoma-bearing mice","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B64","article-title":"Moxibustion-potentiated enhancement of immune function in tumor-bearing mice","volume":"5","author":"Pei","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.13460\/j.issn.1005-0957.1996.s1.419","article-title":"Effect of moxibustion on cellular immune function in cancer-bearing mice","author":"Pei","year":"1996","journal-title":"Shanghai J Acupuncture Moxibustion"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13703\/j.0255-2930.1989.03.025","article-title":"Moxibustion-induced suppression of transplanted S-180 sarcomas in mice: pathological and immunohistochemical evaluation","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chin Acupuncture Moxibustion"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9030257","article-title":"Understanding traditional chinese medicine therapeutics: an overview of the basics and clinical applications","volume":"9","author":"Matos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.20240987","article-title":"Clinical study on heat-sensitive moxibustion for reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy in adjuvant tumor chemotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B69","volume-title":"Effect and mechanism of wheat moxibustion on chenotherapy-induced nausa and vomiting","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-7202.2022.24.024","article-title":"Research progress on moxibustion therapy for bone marrow suppression and immune regulation after chemotherapy for Malignant tumors","volume":"17","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Chin Med"},{"key":"B71","volume-title":"The effectiveness of moxibustion with seed-sized moxa cone applied at acupoint combination of Four Flowers and Sea & Alarm in relieving pain for colorectal cancer patient: A clinical trial","author":"Peng","year":"2019"},{"key":"B72","volume-title":"Effect of moxibustion and infrared moxibustion on cancer-related fatigue: clinical efficacy and mechanism exploration","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/wjtcm.wjtcm_85_24","article-title":"The regulatory effect and mechanism of moxibustion at shenque(CV 8) on spleen immunity in rats with long-term exercise-induced fatigue","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00898-x","article-title":"Immunopotentiating effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion on the spleens of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rats","volume":"19","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01301-3","article-title":"Harnessing IL-2 for immunotherapy against cancer and chronic infection: a historical perspective and emerging trends","volume":"56","author":"Im","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1433989","article-title":"IL-2 based cancer immunotherapies: an evolving paradigm","volume":"15","author":"Rokade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02023-w","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of PD-1\/PD-L1 in cancers","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6658946","article-title":"The effects of moxibustion on PD-1\/PD-L1-related molecular expression and inflammatory cytokine levels in RA rats","volume":"2021","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evidence-Based complementary Altern medicine: eCAM"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.20240144","article-title":"Effect of moxibustion combined with chemotherapy on immune checkpoints in tumor tissue of breast cancer-bearing mice","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1172\/jci153604","article-title":"Selective delivery of low-affinity IL-2 to PD-1+ T cells rejuvenates antitumor immunity with reduced toxicity","volume":"132","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-018-0579-y","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 and Smac mimetics synergize to induce apoptosis of lung cancer cells in a TNF\u03b1-independent manner","volume":"18","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0697-7","article-title":"Natural killer T cell activation increases iNOS(+)CD206(-) M1 macrophage and controls the growth of solid tumor","volume":"7","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J immunotherapy Cancer"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.09.014","article-title":"Low-dose irradiation programs macrophage differentiation to an iNOS+\/M1 phenotype that orchestrates effective T cell immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Klug","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.05.003","article-title":"Interferon-gamma is an autocrine mediator for dendritic cell maturation","volume":"94","author":"Pan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0637-x","article-title":"Immune cell subset differentiation and tissue inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19879\/j.cnki.1005-5304.202209732","article-title":"Effects of herbal cake-separated moxibustion on TIGIT\/CD155 and JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway mediated by regulatory B cells in immunosuppressed rabbits","volume":"30","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Inf Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjam.2024.12.004","article-title":"Effects of direct moxibustion on antigen-presenting cells in gastric tissue of rat models with gastric cancer:Understanding the immunological mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Acupuncture-Moxibustion"},{"key":"B88","article-title":"Effect of moxibustion or acupuncture at Geshu acupoint on the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor of cyclophosphamide induced leukopenic rats","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467217666230908111754","article-title":"At the crossroads of TNF \u03b1 Signaling and cancer","volume":"17","author":"Manohar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030564","article-title":"Harnessing tumor necrosis factor alpha to achieve effective cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Mercogliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467217666230908111754","article-title":"At the crossroads of TNF \u03b1 Signaling and cancer","volume":"17","author":"Manohar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-019-00489-1","article-title":"The dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in breast cancer: molecular insights and therapeutic approaches","volume":"43","author":"Cruceriu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Oncol (Dordrecht Netherlands)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/494581","article-title":"The clinical significance of PR, ER, NF- \u03ba B, and TNF- \u03b1 in breast cancer","volume":"2014","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13703\/j.0255-2930.2015.11.020","article-title":"Effects of acupuncture-moxibustion on contents of IL-12 and TNF-\u03b1 in spleen of cyclophosphamide- induced cancer-bearing mice","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin Acupuncture Moxibustion"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.20220820","article-title":"Moxibustion with seed-size moxa cone enhances anti-tumor effect of cyclophosphamide on Hepa1\u20136 hepatoma-bearing mice by regulating apoptosis factor cysteine family","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.20221282","article-title":"Effects of moxibustion on visceral hypersensitivity and colonic inflammatory response in mice with chronic ulcerative colitis","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i8.2566","article-title":"Moxibustion regulates inflammatory mediators and colonic mucosal barrier in ulcerative colitis rats","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12307\/2026.388","article-title":"Herbal cake-separated moxibustion improves cognitive function in immunosuppressed rats","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"B99","article-title":"Effect of moxibustion serum on activity of specific lysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin J Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.107747","article-title":"Quercetin exerts anti-tumor immune mechanism by regulating IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway to deplete Treg cells","volume":"243","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1023177","article-title":"The role of IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway in cancers","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00538-4","article-title":"Interleukin 6 as an energy allocator in muscle tissue","volume":"4","author":"Kistner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.12.024","article-title":"The varying faces of IL-6: From cardiac protection to cardiac failure","volume":"74","author":"Fontes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2315898120","article-title":"Gp130-HIF1\u03b1 axis-induced vascular damage is prevented by the short-term inhibition of IL-6 receptor signaling","volume":"121","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci United States America"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.08.001","article-title":"The exercise IL-6 enigma in cancer","volume":"34","author":"Orange","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol metabolism: TEM"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13564","article-title":"Long-term effects of different exercise training modes on cytokines and adipokines in individuals with overweight\/obesity and cardiometabolic diseases: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Del Rosso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: triggers, mechanisms, and consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.07.002","article-title":"Inflammation: the incubator of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Denk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.878920","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts and squamous epithelial cells constitute a unique microenvironment in a mouse model of inflammation-induced colon cancer","volume":"12","author":"Vega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18423","article-title":"Tumor location impacts immune response in mouse models of colon cancer","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.863346","article-title":"Orthotopic and heterotopic murine models of pancreatic cancer exhibit different immunological microenvironments and different responses to immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.Am2025-5159","article-title":"From subcutaneous to orthotopic: Bridging the gap to human disease in lung cancer research","volume":"85","author":"Orive","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.2017.03.008","article-title":"Effect of grain-moxibustion on IL-6 and STAT 3 in inflammatory microenvironment of lewis lung cancer mice","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1199200","article-title":"Governor vessel moxibustion for cancer-related fatigue in colorectal patients: a randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.200647","article-title":"Effect of warm-needle moxibustion intervention on immune function and intestinal flora in patients after colorectal cancer radical operation","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.01.001","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-associated tumor microenvironment remodelling and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"85","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth factor Rev"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007530","article-title":"New perspectives in cancer immunotherapy: targeting IL-6 cytokine family","volume":"11","author":"Soler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J immunotherapy Cancer"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223698","article-title":"The role of IL-6 in cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis-overview and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Ra\u0161kov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13288\/j.11-2166\/r.2024.18.013","article-title":"Effect of grain-sized moxibustion on JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway in colon tissue of ulcerative colitis mice","volume":"65","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Traditional Chin Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.2017.03.008","article-title":"Effect of grain-moxibustion on IL-6 and STAT 3 in inflammatory microenvironment of lewis lung cancer mice","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.13702\/j.1000-0607.20231124","article-title":"Joss-stick moxibustion reduces inflammatory response of acute eczema by inhibiting IL-6\/STAT3 signaling, and balancing Th17\/Treg to normalize filaggrin and Caspase-14 levels in rats","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acupuncture Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724707\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:47:25Z","timestamp":1773298045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724707\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1724707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"article-number":"1724707"}}