{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:52:19Z","timestamp":1792511539826,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) are increasingly understood as systemic disorders driven by chronic neuroimmune dysregulation. The bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune compartments is termed neuroimmune crosstalk, plays a pivotal role in disease initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. However, mammalian models often obscure mechanistic resolution due to immune redundancy and adaptive complexity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This review highlights\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a genetically tractable and evolutionarily conserved model for dissecting innate immune signaling and inter-organ communication in neurodegeneration. We emphasize its utility in resolving causality, identifying conserved cytokine pathways, and modeling systemic inflammation relevant to Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      possesses a tripartite immune system that is brain-resident glia, circulating hemocytes, and the fat body that coordinates responses via Toll, Immune deficiency (Imd), JAK\/STAT, and MAPK pathways. Glial cells engage in Draper-mediated phagocytosis and NF-\u03baB\/Relish signaling, while peripheral immune components modulate CNS integrity through cytokines such as Unpaired 3 (Upd3) and Eiger. Furthermore, hyperactivation of the Imd pathway\u2019s NF-\u03baB homolog, Relish, within the CNS drives neurodegeneration via the neurotoxic effects of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs). These mechanisms mirror mammalian neuroimmune dynamics and reveal conserved therapeutic targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                      offers unparalleled mechanistic clarity in modeling neuroimmune interactions. Its simplified immune architecture, precision genetics, and compatibility with multi-omics and AI-assisted phenotyping position it as a strategic complement to vertebrate models. Insights from\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                      are redefining neurodegeneration as a multi-organ process and accelerating the development of inflammation-targeted therapies for ND.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1725046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:25:14Z","timestamp":1769491514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immune crosstalk in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease: insights from Drosophila models into the brain\u2013peripheral immune 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