{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:15:42Z","timestamp":1792084542234,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin disorder. While the stem of Schisandra chinensis has been extensively studied for its pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects, its therapeutic potential in AD remains to be elucidated. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Schisandra chinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      stem extract (SCSE) against AD and to explore its underlying mechanism of action.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chemical profiling of SCSE via UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS revealed 45 constituents, with lignans comprising 80%. The primary active component was identified through activity-guided assays employing hyaluronidase inhibition and HPLC. The therapeutic efficacy of SCSE and its constituent Schisandrin B (Sch B) was assessed in an AD mouse model. Furthermore, network pharmacology predicted the involved signaling pathways, and these predictions were subsequently validated experimentally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sch B was identified as the core active component. Both SCSE and Sch B significantly improved skin barrier function in AD mice, as evidenced by reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and upregulation of key barrier proteins (Filaggrin, Loricrin, and Claudin-1). They also alleviated pruritus by suppressing Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and mitigated the allergic-inflammatory response, as shown by reduced Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and inhibited release of mast cell (MC) mediators (IL-4, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1). These effects were potentially mediated through modulation of the NF-\u03baB pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By simultaneously mitigating skin barrier dysfunction, immune inflammation, and pruritus, SCSE and Sch B hold promise as therapeutic candidates capable of disrupting the self-perpetuating cycle of AD. These findings position SCSE and Sch B as a novel therapeutic strategy for this disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1725312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:22:54Z","timestamp":1769577774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The stem of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandrin B alleviated DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in mice by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Cai","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microecology-immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra20239.11","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"384","author":"St\u00e4nder","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.01.019","article-title":"Biomarkers in atopic dermatitis","volume":"151","author":"Bakker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020411","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of centella asiatica extract on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in HaCaT cells and BALB\/c mice","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00530","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.530","article-title":"Therapeutic utility of glucocorticoids and antihistamines cotreatment. rationale and perspectives","author":"Zappia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23278","article-title":"Jianpi Yangxue Qufeng compound alleviates atopic dermatitis via TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111425","article-title":"Emerging treatments and new vehicle formulations for atopic dermatitis","volume":"16","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70029","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70029","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention","volume":"5","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411380","article-title":"Challenges and future trends in atopic dermatitis","volume":"24","author":"Gatmaitan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.12.023","article-title":"Emerging therapies for atopic dermatitis: TRPV1 antagonists","volume":"78","author":"Jonathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9049256","article-title":"Inhibition of mast cell degranulation in atopic dermatitis by celastrol through suppressing MRGPRX2","volume":"2023","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn9390","article-title":"Scratching promotes allergic inflammation and host defense via neurogenic mast cell activation","volume":"387","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.048","article-title":"A Sensory neuron-expressed interleukin-31 receptor mediates T helper cell-dependent itch: invol-vement of TRPV1 and TRPA1","volume":"133","author":"Cevikbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4190098","article-title":"Shenjinhuoxue mixture attenuates inflammation, pain, and cartilage degeneration by inhibiting TLR-4 and NF-\u03baB activation in rats with osteoarthritis: a synergistic combination of multitarget active phytochemicals","volume":"2021","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27133985","article-title":"(-)-\u03b1-Bisabolol alleviates atopic dermatitis by inhibiting MAPK and NF-\u03baB signaling in mast cell","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2011.602689","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of Schizandra chinensis extract on atopic dermatitis in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"34","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3618","article-title":"Effects of Schisandra chinensis Turcz. fruit on contact dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene in mice","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156274","article-title":"Effect of stem extract of Schisandra Chinensis on improving spermatogenesis disorder induced by Cisplatin in vivo and in vitro","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S162014","article-title":"Schisandrin B ameliorated chondrocytes inflammation and osteoarthritis via suppression of NF-\u03baB and MAPK signal pathways","volume":"12","author":"Ran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4237973","article-title":"Schisandrin B prevents hind limb from ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation via MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathways in rats","volume":"2017","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29081893","article-title":"Based on HPLC and HS-GC-IMS techniques, the changes in the internal chemical components of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. fruit at different harvesting periods were analyzed","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.11.019","article-title":"Tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Sri Lankan medicinal plants for novel cosmeceuticals","volume":"111","author":"Liyanaarachchia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.10.190","article-title":"Jang HJ.Ophiopogonin D ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions in BALB\/c mice and TNF-a-inflamed HaCaT cell, Biochem. Biophys","volume":"522","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Commun"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114453","article-title":"Effects of chloroform fraction of fritillariae thunbergii bulbus on atopic symptoms in a DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion model and in vitro models","volume":"281","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S505248","article-title":"Network pharmacology and experimental verification: phellodendri chinensis cortex-cnidii fructus herb pair alleviates atopic dermatitis by regulating the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S163275","article-title":"Metabolomics study of the therapeutic mechanism of Schisandra chinensis lignans on aging rats induced by d-galactose","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10071619","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antiinflam-matory activity of essential oil from omija (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) produced by supercritical fluid extraction using CO2","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040620","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of Schisandra chinensis fruits and their active constituents","volume":"10","author":"Kopustinskiene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155929","article-title":"Schisandra chinensis lignans regulate and cooperate with endogenous cannabinoid systems to ameliorate intestinal barrier injury associated with depression","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123103","article-title":"Targeted lignan profiling and anti-inflammatory properties of Schisandra rubriflora and Schisandra chinensis extracts","volume":"23","author":"Szopa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1089\/derm.2024.0106","article-title":"Effect of skin barrier on atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155382","article-title":"Regulation of filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin by IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, AHR, and NRF2: pathogenic implications in atopic dermatitis","volume":"21","author":"Furue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59071353","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and skin barrier function recovery effects of Schisandra chinensis in mice with atopic dermatitis","volume":"59","author":"Son","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms.25063465","article-title":"Treml, Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis with anti-inflammatory effects","volume":"25","author":"Rybnik\u00e1\u0159","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.930964","article-title":"TRPV1 in chronic pruritus and pain: soft modulation as a therapeutic strategy","volume":"15","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carvajal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14464","article-title":"TRPV1 mediates itch-associated scratching and skin barrier dysfunction in DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis mice","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713521","article-title":"IL-31RA and TRPV1 expression in atopic dermatitis induced with trinitrochlorobenzene in Nc\/Nga mice","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.696784","article-title":"Th2 modulation of transient receptor potential channels: an unmet therapeutic intervention for atopic dermatitis","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17455","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of PAC-14028 cream-a novel, topical, nonsteroidal, selective TRPV1 antagonist in patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis: a phase IIb randomized trial","volume":"180","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70053","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.70053","article-title":"Emerging trends and research hotspots in the relationship between mast cells and atopic dermatitis based on the literature from 2001 to 2024: A bibliometric and visualized analysis","volume":"30","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.923495","article-title":"Roles of mast cells in cutaneous diseases","volume":"13","author":"Numata1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116613","article-title":"Probiotic-fermented Portulaca oleracea L. alleviated DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"313","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400349","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400349","article-title":"PL-ReliefTMplus alleviates aatopic dermatitis and regulates inflammatory responses via inhibiting NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Biodiversity"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15998","article-title":"Propionate alleviates itch in murine models of atopic dermatitis by modulating sensory TRP channels of dorsal root ganglion","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1725312\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:32:01Z","timestamp":1771921921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1725312\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1725312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1725312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"article-number":"1725312"}}