{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T02:44:06Z","timestamp":1794278646279,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014125","name":"Fujian Provincial Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibitors (TNFi) are established to increase the risk of tuberculosis (TB). However, the comparative risk across different TNFi agents remains poorly defined due to a lack of head-to-head comparative studies. This network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to evaluate and compare the risk of TB infection associated with various TNFi therapies in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) based on real-world, long-term cohort studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to May 30, 2025, for cohort studies reporting TB events in patients with IMIDs treated with TNFi. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed by three independent reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A Bayesian arm-based NMA with random-effects models was used to estimate log risk ratio (logRR) and 95% credible intervals (CrIs) for TB infection across different TNFi agents compared with TNFi-naive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 19 cohort studies involving 396, 044 patients were included. Compared to TNFi-naive, infliximab (IFX) was associated with the highest risk of TB (logRR = 2.32, 95% CrI: 1.12-3.32), followed by adalimumab (ADA) (logRR = 1.72, 95% CI: 0.42-2.65) and etanercept (ETN) (logRR = 1.39, 95% CI: 0.33-2.42). Certolizumab pegol (CZP) was associated with the lowest risk among TNFi agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TNFi treatment in patients with IMIDs is associated with a significantly increased risk of TB infection. Among the TNFi agents, IFX was associated with the highest risk, while ETN and CZP demonstrated lower risks. These findings can inform clinical decision-making, suggesting that ETN or CZP may be preferable in patients with high TB risk, while emphasizing that vigilant TB monitoring remains paramount regardless of the chosen agent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD42022331674.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1726299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T06:41:00Z","timestamp":1769668860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative risk of tuberculosis infection with different TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiuying","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guixiu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology","place":["Xiamen, 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