{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:17:25Z","timestamp":1785521845997,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82205102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82205102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a group of conditions characterized by an overactive immune response that damages one or more organs or tissues of the body. Emerging evidence highlights a critical association between reduced abundance of beneficial\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the pathogenesis of ADs. Studies show that certain\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , such as\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>CB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>FP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), are almost depleted in multiple ADs. This depletion is associated with impaired immune homeostasis, disrupted intestinal barrier integrity, and heightened inflammation. In diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and type 1 diabetes (T1D), restoration of\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species or their metabolites may alleviate disease severity. Mechanistically,\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    probiotics may modulate ADs via multiple therapeutic mechanisms, including regulating gut microbiota composition, replenishing beneficial metabolites to restore intestinal barrier integrity, correcting dysregulated immune cell differentiation and homeostasis, and balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. Our review synthesizes current evidence to delineate the immunomodulatory mechanisms by which\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its metabolites influence ADs. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    -based interventions in reestablishing immune-metabolic equilibrium in ADs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1730351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:50:08Z","timestamp":1774421408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recent advances in the positive role of Clostridium in autoimmune diseases: as a crucial regulator of restoring immune-metabolic equilibrium"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jing-Yi","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, 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of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren-Huan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, 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