{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:08:17Z","timestamp":1780463297657,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In recent years, rates of maternal obesity before conception have continued to rise globally. Maternal obesity in early pregnancy may alter intrauterine immune mechanisms, impact fetal metabolic programming, and increase the risk of later-life obesity. This study aimed to review the literature on changes in immune parameters and weight-related outcomes in offspring reported in human and animal studies of maternal obesity. A systematized literature search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science for relevant human and animal studies published between 2010 and 2025. Study screening was facilitated using Rayyan. The risk of bias was assessed using SYRCLE for animal studies and LEGEND for human studies. Fifteen studies reporting birth weight outcomes showed conflicting findings, with three reporting higher birth weight, three reporting lower birth weight in offspring of mothers with versus without obesity, eight reporting no significant association, and one study did not report a p-value. These discrepancies may reflect heterogeneity in study models (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>Sprague\u2013Dawley<\/jats:italic>\n                    rats\n                    <jats:italic>, C57BL\/6J<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice, and rhesus macaques), dietary compositions (e.g., cafeteria diet, Western-style diet, and high-fat diet), and species (animal versus human studies). In animal studies, gene expression analyses across different species and sample sources consistently showed upregulation of TLR2, ARG1, VEGF, TNF, and NF-\u03baB, but variable trends for TNF-\u03b1, IL-10, IL-6, TLR4, TRAF6, STAT3, and MCP-1(CCL2). In human studies, placental gene expression of IL-1\u03b2, MCP-1 (CCL2), CXCR2, STAT3, P38-MAPK, and IL-8 varied across studies, while blood levels of IL-6, CRP, microRNAs, and antibodies also showed inconsistency. Placental macrophage and neutrophil counts were increased in humans, whereas animal studies consistently reported increased placental macrophage counts. Maternal pre-pregnancy or first trimester obesity showed inconsistent effects on offspring birth weight; however, it is associated with alterations in multiple immune parameters and may induce placental inflammation via the macrophage TLR2\u2013NF-\u03baB\u2013p38 signaling pathway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1730730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:49:43Z","timestamp":1780462183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early maternal obesity shapes offspring development through immune mechanisms: a systematized review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiale","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Joint Institute of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital for Life and Health, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Joint Institute of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital for Life and Health, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Joint Institute of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital for Life and Health, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Malnutrition: Key facts\n          \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Nutrition for health and development: a global agenda for combating malnutrition","year":"2000"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Obesity"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Obesity and overweight\n          \n          \n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Obesity\n          \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-025-00123-1","article-title":"New obesity definition sidelines BMI to focus on health","volume":"637","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-325844","article-title":"Trends in inequalities in childhood overweight and obesity prevalence: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the Health Survey for England","volume":"109","author":"Broadbent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Child and maternal health profiles: December 2024 update. 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