{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:38:16Z","timestamp":1779313096824,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mucormycosis is one of the most life-threatening fungal infections with delayed diagnosis and limited antifungal treatments. The transcriptome and proteome of pulmonary mucormycosis have not been fully investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained lung tissues and paired controls from five pulmonary mucormycosis patients and utilized transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to explore host immune response during pulmonary mucormycosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our transcriptomic analysis found a number of up-regulated genes and pathways associated with immune defense. These genes were related to iron metabolism, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cytokines, chemokines et al., which enriched in pathways involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, proteomic profiling revealed limited upregulation of immune-related proteins and global suppression of pathways associated with host defense, especially those related to cell junction and cytoskeletal dynamics, indicating a failed activation of host immune response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the findings of compromised immune function at infection sites, enhancing adjuvant immunotherapy and intensifying localized antifungal treatments may be beneficial for this refractory infection. Our study firstly investigated the immune landscape in pulmonary mucormycosis through combined transcriptomic and proteomic profiling, which could provide novel mechanistic insights for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary mucormycosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:22:39Z","timestamp":1770960159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of pulmonary mucormycosis reveals a failed activation of host immune response"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Die","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueyan","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1254919","article-title":"Mucormycosis in 2023: an update on pathogenesis and management","volume":"13","author":"Alqarihi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infection Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111643","article-title":"Mucormycosis: An opportunistic pathogen during COVID-19","volume":"201","author":"Mahalaxmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-10","article-title":"Mucormycosis caused by unusual mucormycetes, non-rhizopus, -mucor, and -lichtheimia species","volume":"24","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010026","article-title":"Global epidemiology of mucormycosis","volume":"5","author":"Prakash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.009","article-title":"Mucormycosis","volume":"35","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clinics North America"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30312-3","article-title":"Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"19","author":"Cornely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Diseases"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir866","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis","volume":"54","author":"Petrikkos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Diseases"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.07.011","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports","volume":"25","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infection"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030307","article-title":"What is new in pulmonary mucormycosis","volume":"9","author":"Danion","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz011","article-title":"Pathogenicity patterns of mucormycosis: epidemiology, interaction with immune cells and virulence factors","volume":"57","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.10.010","article-title":"The mucormycete-host interface","volume":"40","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0059023","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00590-23","article-title":"Deficient phagocytosis in circulating monocytes from patients with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis","volume":"14","author":"Sinha","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13679","article-title":"Immune and metabolic perturbations in COVID-19-associated pulmonary mucormycosis: A transcriptome analysis of innate immune cells","volume":"67","author":"haliwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05820-2","article-title":"Iron restriction inside macrophages regulates pulmonary host defense against Rhizopus species","volume":"9","author":"Andrianaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.12.036","article-title":"Comparative host transcriptome in response to pathogenic fungi identifies common and species-specific transcriptional antifungal host response pathways","volume":"19","author":"Bruno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709578105","article-title":"Drosophila melanogaster as a model host to dissect the immunopathogenesis of zygomycosis","volume":"105","author":"Chamilos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12218","article-title":"An integrated genomic and transcriptomic survey of mucormycosis-causing fungi","volume":"7","author":"Chibucos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49637-8","article-title":"Multiple roles for hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha in airway epithelial cells during mucormycosis","volume":"15","author":"Kavaliauskas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30754-6","article-title":"An adult zebrafish model reveals that mucormycosis induces apoptosis of infected macrophages","volume":"8","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02765-18","article-title":"Mucor circinelloides Thrives inside the Phagosome through an Atf-Mediated Germination Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Perez-Arques","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01384-18","article-title":"Inhibition of EGFR signaling protects from mucormycosis","volume":"9","author":"Watkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12232","article-title":"Host-iron assimilation: pathogenesis and novel therapies of mucormycosis","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06862-4","article-title":"COVID-19-associated-mucormycosis: possible role of free iron uptake and immunosuppression","volume":"49","author":"Tabassum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126341","article-title":"Dok3-protein phosphatase 1 interaction attenuates Card9 signaling and neutrophil-dependent antifungal immunity","volume":"129","author":"Loh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071780","article-title":"Disrupting the dok3-card9 interaction with synthetic peptides enhances antifungal effector functions of human neutrophils","volume":"15","author":"Loh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.02.007","article-title":"Mucormycosis and COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical and diagnostic approach","volume":"15","author":"Azhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42164","article-title":"The endothelial cell receptor GRP78 is required for mucormycosis pathogenesis in diabetic mice","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2021-0072","article-title":"The second wave of COVID-19 results in outbreak of mucormycosis: diabetes and immunological perspective","volume":"43","author":"Ahirwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-021-01840-w","article-title":"Mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients: predisposing factors, prevention and management","volume":"122","author":"Rudrabhatla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.31.12.1109","article-title":"A mechanism of susceptibility to mucormycosis in diabetic ketoacidosis: transferrin and iron availability","volume":"31","author":"Artis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12992","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis reveals discordant proteome and transcriptome responses in larval guts of Frankliniella occidentalis infected with an orthotospovirus","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105895","article-title":"Multi-OMICs landscape of SARS-CoV-2-induced host responses in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"26","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2025.101068","article-title":"Multi-omics blood atlas reveals host immune response features of immunocompromised populations following SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100867","article-title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic insights into host immune responses in pediatric severe malarial anemia: dysregulation in HSP60-70-TLR2\/4 signaling and altered glutamine metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Onyango","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3185","article-title":"Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses","volume":"13","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.030916","article-title":"Rapid temporal dynamics of transcription, protein synthesis, and secretion during macrophage activation","volume":"13","author":"Eichelbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030173","article-title":"Host immune defense upon fungal infections with mucorales: pathogen-immune cell interactions as drivers of inflammatory responses","volume":"6","author":"Montano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020094","article-title":"Mucorales species and macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Nicol\u00e1s","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295717","article-title":"Pulmonary mucormycosis","volume":"32","author":"Hamilos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.10.001","article-title":"Iron metabolism and the innate immune response to infection","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir865","article-title":"Pathogenesis of mucormycosis","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116419","article-title":"Mucormycosis during deferoxamine therapy is a siderophore-mediated infection. In vitro and in vivo animal studies","volume":"91","author":"Boelaert","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283165fd1","article-title":"Iron acquisition: a novel perspective on mucormycosis pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30476\/ijms.2023.99589.3167","article-title":"Investigating the hepcidin gene polymorphisms in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis susceptibility: A clinical-laboratory study","volume":"49","author":"Ravanbakhsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-351957","article-title":"Hepcidin regulation by innate immune and infectious stimuli","volume":"118","author":"Armitage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115649","article-title":"Essential role of hepcidin in host resistance to disseminated candidiasis","volume":"44","author":"Arekar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0206051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206051","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin, transferrin and apolipoprotein A-II play important role in treatment's follow-up of paracoccidioidomycosis patients","volume":"13","author":"Sylvestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx164","article-title":"Applying host disease status biomarkers to therapeutic response monitoring in invasive aspergillosis patients","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53018","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053018","article-title":"Pathogen induced changes in the protein profile of human tears from Fusarium keratitis patients","volume":"8","author":"Ananthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.07.005","article-title":"Transferrin-mediated iron sequestration as a novel therapy for bacterial and fungal infections","volume":"27","author":"Bruhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/00362177985380101","article-title":"Antifungal activity of transferrin","volume":"17","author":"Shiraishi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.2.209","article-title":"Transferrin-dependent growth inhibition of yeast-phase Histoplasma capsulatum by human serum and lymph","volume":"142","author":"Sutcliffe","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu049","article-title":"Transferrin iron starvation therapy for lethal bacterial and fungal infections","volume":"210","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2024.2352263","article-title":"Synergistic action of lactoferrin and its derived functional fragments as a promising therapeutic agent in combating mucormycosis","volume":"19","author":"Pandit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.156","article-title":"Lactoferrin, a potential iron-chelator as an adjunct treatment for mucormycosis - A comprehensive review","volume":"187","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121125","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01211-25","article-title":"Iron acquisition strategies in pathogenic fungi","volume":"16","author":"Takemura","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123171","article-title":"Impaired T cell responsiveness to interleukin-6 in hematological patients with invasive aspergillosis","volume":"10","author":"Camargo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.882921","article-title":"The TLR-NF-kB axis contributes to the monocytic inflammatory response against a virulent strain of Lichtheimia corymbifera, a causative agent of invasive mucormycosis","volume":"13","author":"Montano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac100","article-title":"Parietal composition of Lichtheimia corymbifera: Differences between spore and germ tube stages and host-pathogen interactions","volume":"61","author":"Lecointe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-024-00834-5","article-title":"Polymorphisms in innate and adaptive immune genes in subjects with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis complicating asthma","volume":"189","author":"Kanaujia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12643","article-title":"Reduced expression of TLR3, TLR10 and TREM1 by human macrophages in Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis, and novel associations of VEGFA, DENND1B and PLAT","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.015924","article-title":"ZBP1 promotes fungi-induced inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis)","volume":"295","author":"Banoth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.3.6","article-title":"Time-course transcriptomic analysis reveals the crucial roles of PANoptosis in fungal keratitis","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.10.003","article-title":"C-type lectin 17A and macrophage-expressed receptor genes are magnified by fungal beta-glucan after Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Totoaba macdonaldi cells","volume":"224","author":"Angulo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.006","article-title":"Concerted activation of the AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes orchestrates host protection against Aspergillus infection","volume":"17","author":"Karki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05326-9","article-title":"AIM2 enhances Candida albicans infection through promoting macrophage apoptosis via AKT signaling","volume":"81","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12711","article-title":"Overexpression of NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasomes and their priming-associated molecules (TLR2, TLR4, Dectin-1, Dectin-2 and NFkappaB) in Malassezia folliculitis","volume":"61","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1342920","article-title":"Mucorales spores induce a proinflammatory cytokine response in human mononuclear phagocytes and harbor no rodlet hydrophobins","volume":"8","author":"Wurster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428503","article-title":"Interferon- gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augment the activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes against medically important zygomycetes","volume":"191","author":"Gil-Lamaignere","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202104.0323.v1","article-title":"Evaluation of sex differences in murine diabetic ketoacidosis and neutropenic models of invasive mucormycosis","author":"Gebremariam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.04.008","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus viability drives allergic responses to inhaled conidia","volume":"121","author":"Nayak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01990-14","article-title":"Eosinophils are recruited in response to chitin exposure and enhance Th2-mediated immune pathology in Aspergillus fumigatus infection","volume":"82","author":"O'Dea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00341.2001","article-title":"Eotaxin\/CCL11 is involved in acute, but not chronic, allergic airway responses to Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"283","author":"Schuh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0419-1","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary mucormycosis: rare presentation with pulmonary eosinophilia","volume":"17","author":"Hirano","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903177790","article-title":"Invasive paranasal mucormycosis with peripheral eosinophilia in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Mycology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1394500","article-title":"Case report: Disseminated mucormycosis misdiagnosed as Malignancy developed from allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a woman","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.831213","article-title":"Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis caused by mucor overlapping with invasive pulmonary mucormycosis: A case report","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B78","article-title":"Pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae in a non-immunocompromised woman","volume":"39","author":"Sato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.11.015","article-title":"Up-regulation of chemokine CXCL13 in systemic candidiasis","volume":"191","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.016","article-title":"Pneumocystis-driven inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue formation requires th2 and th17 immunity","volume":"18","author":"Eddens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.03.015","article-title":"In vitro infection of human dendritic cells by Aspergillus fumigatus conidia triggers the secretion of chemokines for neutrophil and Th1 lymphocyte recruitment","volume":"9","author":"Gafa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-024-00831-8","article-title":"Circulatory inflammatory proteins as early diagnostic biomarkers for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic Malignancies-an exploratory study","volume":"189","author":"Aerts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901027","article-title":"CCR7 deficiency on dendritic cells enhances fungal clearance in a murine model of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis","volume":"183","author":"Hartigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-265454","article-title":"CCR7 impairs hematopoiesis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation increasing susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis","volume":"116","author":"Hartigan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.4.44","article-title":"Global transcriptomic profiling of innate and adaptive immunity during aspergillus flavus endophthalmitis in a murine model","volume":"65","author":"Khapuinamai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10914-w","article-title":"Persistence within dendritic cells marks an antifungal evasion and dissemination strategy of Aspergillus terreus","volume":"7","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9815-8","article-title":"Immunization with recombinant Pb27 protein reduces the levels of pulmonary fibrosis caused by the inflammatory response against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis","volume":"179","author":"Morais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-018-0276-3","article-title":"Notch signaling is required for dendritic cell maturation and T cell expansion in paracoccidioidomycosis","volume":"183","author":"Jannuzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19690","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019690","article-title":"Paracoccidioides brasilinsis-induced migration of dendritic cells and subsequent T-cell activation in the lung-draining lymph nodes","volume":"6","author":"Silvana dos Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0246","article-title":"Rhizopus-host interplay of disseminated mucormycosis in immunocompetent mice","volume":"15","author":"Dos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2023.152384","article-title":"Higher proinflammatory responses possibly contributing to suppressed cytotoxicity in patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis","volume":"228","author":"Shete","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12431","article-title":"Natural killer cell-mediated damage of clinical isolates of mucormycetes","volume":"59","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00210.2018","article-title":"IL-10-producing B cells regulate Th1\/Th17-cell immune responses in Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"316","author":"Rong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0677.v1","article-title":"CD137 Signaling Is Critical in Fungal Clearance during Systemic Candida albicans Infection","volume":"7","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.006","article-title":"Transcriptome profile of the murine macrophage cell response to Candida parapsilosis","volume":"65","author":"Nemeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00598-2","article-title":"IFN-gamma mediated signaling improves fungal clearance in experimental pulmonary mucormycosis","volume":"187","author":"Dos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-366526","article-title":"Mucorales-specific T cells emerge in the course of invasive mucormycosis and may be used as a surrogate diagnostic marker in high-risk patients","volume":"118","author":"Potenza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116653","article-title":"Combined antifungal therapy with immunostimulation for refractory cutaneous and peritoneal mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus","volume":"111","author":"Mhenni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.02.037","article-title":"Gain-of-function signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) mutation-related primary immunodeficiency is associated with disseminated mucormycosis","volume":"134","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90409-2","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia and mucormycosis. Treatment with alpha-2 interferon","volume":"81","author":"Bennett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.883638","article-title":"Interferon gamma as an immune modulating adjunct therapy for invasive mucormycosis after severe burn - A case report","volume":"13","author":"Tawfik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000134314.65398.bf","article-title":"Interferon-gamma and colony-stimulating factors as adjuvant therapy for refractory fungal infections in children","volume":"23","author":"Abzug","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30541-2","article-title":"Nivolumab plus interferon-gamma in the treatment of intractable mucormycosis","volume":"17","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.10.002","article-title":"Renal transplant patient survives a donor-derived abdominal invasive mucormycosis (Lichtheimia ramos a)","volume":"30","author":"Spithoven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-543X.2005.00118.x","article-title":"Rhinocerebral mucormycosis complicated by internal carotid artery thrombosis in a pediatric patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Simmons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.2.329","article-title":"Successful treatment of extensive posttraumatic soft-tissue and renal infections due to Apophysomyces elegans","volume":"19","author":"Okhuysen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2018.27.11.735","article-title":"Treating mucormycosis using a multimodality approach: a case series","volume":"27","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00487-10","article-title":"Involvement of regulatory T cells in the immunosuppression characteristic of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis","volume":"78","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.5811","article-title":"Systemic and local characterization of regulatory T cells in a chronic fungal infection in humans","volume":"177","author":"Cavassani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1268959","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of a fungal granuloma reveals a low metabolic activity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and an actively regulated host immune response","volume":"13","author":"Borges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1942228","article-title":"Single-cell immune checkpoint landscape of PBMCs stimulated with Candida albicans","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145814","article-title":"Analysis of immune response markers in jorge lobo's disease lesions suggests the occurrence of mixed T helper responses with the dominance of regulatory T cell activity","volume":"10","author":"Azevedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-019-0290-x","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitor therapy in preclinical sepsis models: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Busch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Experimental"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R85","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12711","article-title":"Blockade of the negative co-stimulatory molecules PD-1 and CTLA-4 improves survival in primary and secondary fungal sepsis","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4624-4630.2000","article-title":"CTLA-4 down-regulates the protective anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response","volume":"68","author":"McGaha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051071","article-title":"Anti-CD25 treatment depletes Treg cells and decreases disease severity in susceptible and resistant mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis","volume":"7","author":"Felonato","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374646","article-title":"Fas-Fas ligand (CD95-CD95L) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 engagement mediate T cell unresponsiveness in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis","volume":"187","author":"Campanelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1347318","article-title":"Blocking the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways during pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis improves immunity, reduces disease severity, and increases the survival of infected mice","volume":"15","author":"Preite","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.838344","article-title":"Blockade of the PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway improves infection outcomes and enhances fungicidal host defense in a murine model of invasive pulmonary mucormycosis","volume":"13","author":"Wurster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618800690","article-title":"Invasive fungal disease in critically ill patients at high risk: usefulness of lymphocyte subtyping","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.10.028","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of lymphocyte subtyping for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R157","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12836","article-title":"CD8(+) T-cell counts: an early predictor of risk and mortality in critically ill immunocompromised patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.10.001","article-title":"The host response of CD28-deficient mice to Pneumocystis infection","volume":"40","author":"Rose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.4.1969","article-title":"T cell costimulatory molecule function determines susceptibility to infection with Pneumocystis carinii in mice","volume":"171","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7436-7441.2005","article-title":"CD28 Is Required for Optimal Induction, but Not Maintenance, of Vaccine-Induced Immunity toBlastomyces dermatitidis","volume":"73","author":"W\u00fcthrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infection Immunity"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0300-9475.2004.01501.x","article-title":"Modulation of CD28 and CD86 expression in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis in different periods of treatment","volume":"60","author":"Bozzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00297-10","article-title":"CD28 exerts protective and detrimental effects in a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis","volume":"78","author":"Felonato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad090","article-title":"Percentage of Th1 and Th17 cells and serum level of IL-17 and IFN-gamma cytokines in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis","volume":"61","author":"Soleimanifar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-247893","article-title":"Quantitative B and T cell abnormalities in four patients presenting with mucormycosis and prior asymptomatic COVID-19 infection","volume":"15","author":"Mandke","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732782\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:22:43Z","timestamp":1770960163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732782\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":129,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732782","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"article-number":"1732782"}}