{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:15:17Z","timestamp":1783347317546,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cistanche deserticola<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a valued medicinal and food homologous material in traditional Chinese medicine, is renowned for enhancing immunity and protecting the mucosal barrier, with polysaccharides considered its primary active components. Raw material requires processing for optimal efficacy, yet most studies focus on unprocessed polysaccharides (RCP). This study investigates how traditional rice-wine processing alters the polysaccharides (WCP) and their immunomodulatory effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The physicochemical properties of RCP and WCP were characterized using SEM, HPGPC, FT-IR, and GC-MS. Immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) were used as an\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      model. Immune function was assessed via body weight, organ indices, serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM), cytokines (IL-2, IFN-\u03b3), spleen histopathology, and T cell subsets (CD4+\/CD8+). Gut microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were measured.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Wine processing significantly modified the polysaccharides, increasing polysaccharide content, markedly reducing molecular weight, and altering monosaccharide composition in WCP. In CTX-induced mice, WCP administration showed superior immunomodulatory effects: it significantly improved spleen and thymus indices, elevated serum IL-2, IFN-\u03b3, IgA, and IgM levels, and increased the CD4+\/CD8+ ratio. Furthermore, WCP restored CTX-disturbed intestinal SCFA levels and positively modulated gut microbiota by increasing Bacteroidetes and beneficial probiotics, lowering the\n                      <jats:italic>Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ratio, and suppressing pathogenic bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditional rice-wine processing optimizes the molecular structure of Cistanche polysaccharides and significantly enhances their immunomodulatory efficacy in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model. The enhanced activity is associated with marked improvements in gut microbiota composition and systemic immune parameters, suggesting involvement of the gut-immune axis. These findings provide a scientific basis for the traditional processing method and support the further development of processed Cistanche as a potential functional food or therapeutic agent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T05:23:00Z","timestamp":1770268980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of rice wine-steamed Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides on intestinal flora and immunological modulation in immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuexin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Jiren Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd","place":["Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiushi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurou","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caina","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Process Principles of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Professional Technology Innovation Center","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Process Principles of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Professional Technology Innovation Center","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianzhu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Process Principles of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Professional Technology Innovation Center","place":["Dalian, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119355","article-title":"Food polysaccharides: A review on emerging microbial sources, bioactivities, nanoformulations and safety considerations","volume":"287","author":"Dedhia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.761981","article-title":"Interaction between commensal bacteria, immune response and the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.06.052","article-title":"A polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme protects against immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.318","article-title":"Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharides protect against oxidative stress and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice via MAPKs signal transduction pathways","volume":"152","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1513531","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM8661 + stachyose on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.782962","article-title":"The quality monitoring of cistanches herba (Cistanche deserticola ma): A value chain perspective","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155681","article-title":"The role of Cistanches Herba and its ingredients in improving reproductive outcomes: A comprehensive review","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-018-02936-5","article-title":"Effects of heat treatment on the structural characteristics and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from grifola frondosa","volume":"188","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125507","article-title":"Effects of different processing (Paozhi) on structural characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola","volume":"245","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.145440","article-title":"Integration of COSMO-RS and ANN-GA for extraction of eChinacoside and acteoside from Cistanche deserticola using natural deep eutectic solvents","volume":"492","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00508-0","article-title":"Chemical profiles and metabolite study of raw and processed Cistanche deserticola in rats by UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134628","article-title":"Structural characterization and immune activity evaluation of a polysaccharide from Lyophyllum Decastes","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14152662","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of kelp fucoidan in rebiosis of gut microflora and immune homeostasis in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14061018","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from porphyra haitanensis in hydrocortisone-induced immunocompromised mice","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2835-5_9","article-title":"Flow cytometry analysis of immune cell responses","volume":"2597","author":"Manhas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03279","article-title":"CD4\/CD8 T-cell selection affects chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell potency and toxicity: updated results from a phase I anti-CD22 CAR T-cell trial","volume":"38","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1597564","article-title":"Comparative effects of raw and processed cistanche glycosides on the HPT axis and gut microbiota in a rat model of kidney-yang deficiency","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.104854","article-title":"Comparison with Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua steaming with huangjiu or honey based on UPLC-Q-Exactive MS\/MS analysis combined with multi-component variation","volume":"61","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Bioscience"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123503","article-title":"Processing-structure-activity\" relationships of polysaccharides in Chinese Materia Medica: A comprehensive review","volume":"358","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136523","article-title":"Structural characterization, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of a polysaccharide from a traditional Chinese rice wine, Guangdong Hakka Huangjiu","volume":"281","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116351","article-title":"Effects of different steaming times on the composition, structure and immune activity of Polygonatum Polysaccharide","volume":"310","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114468","article-title":"Structural characterization of raw and wine-steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua oligosaccharides and their bioactivity on immune regulation via modifying the gut microbiota","volume":"153","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-024-05177-0","article-title":"A comprehensive investigation on the chemical changes of traditional Chinese medicine with classic processing technology: Polygonum multiflorum under nine cycles of steaming and sunning as a case study","volume":"416","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.112","article-title":"Structural changes, and anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer potential of polysaccharides from multiple processing of Rehmannia glutinosa","volume":"206","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1454713","article-title":"D-mannose reduces oxidative stress, inhibits inflammation, and increases treg cell proportions in mice with ulcerative colitis","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03220-6","article-title":"Preoperative gut microbiota of POCD patients induces pre- and postoperative cognitive impairment and systemic inflammation in rats","volume":"21","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroin flammation"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131518","article-title":"Enzymatic biosynthesis of D-galactose derivatives: Advances and perspectives","volume":"267","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123695","article-title":"Novel galactose-rich polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum: structural characterization and immunomodulatory activities","volume":"362","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1640679","article-title":"Immunomodulatory actions of tonifying polysaccharides: pharmacological effects, mechanisms and therapeutic applications","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.09.003","article-title":"IL-2-driven CD8+ T cell phenotypes: implications for immunotherapy","volume":"44","author":"Niederlova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052284","article-title":"Role of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in igA and igM transcytosis","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113683","article-title":"Role of interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and IFN- \u03b3 receptor 1\/2 (IFN\u03b3R1\/2) in regulation of immunity, infection, and cancer development: IFN-\u03b3-dependent or independent pathway","volume":"155","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1854675","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.004","article-title":"Memory CD8+ T cells balance pro- and anti-inflammatory activity by reprogramming cellular acetate handling at sites of infection","volume":"32","author":"Balmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-022-00645-7","article-title":"Gut microbiota drives macrophage-dependent self-renewal of intestinal stem cells via niche enteric serotonergic neurons","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141911","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization and protective effects of raw and nine-steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharides on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice","volume":"307","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.104","article-title":"Ginger polysaccharides enhance intestinal immunity by modulating gut microbiota in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice","volume":"223","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111715","article-title":"The influence of probiotics on the firmicutes\/bacteroidetes ratio in the treatment of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Stojanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2403417121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403417121","article-title":"Cyanobacteria-probiotics symbionts for modulation of intestinal inflammation and microbiome dysregulation in colitis","volume":"121","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144836","article-title":"Polygonati kingianum polysaccharide alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by modulating gut microbiota and metabolic homeostasis","volume":"316","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162660","article-title":"Exploration of the muribaculaceae family in the gut microbiota: diversity, metabolism, and function","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06534-y","article-title":"Butyrate-producing bacteria in pregnancy maintenance: mitigating dysbiosis-induced preterm birth","volume":"23","author":"Uchida","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14071173","article-title":"A postbiotic derived from lactobacillaceae protects intestinal barrier function in a challenge model using colon organoid tubules","volume":"14","author":"Cercamondi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2265","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Croxen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165678","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorate benzene-induced systemic inflammation and hematopoietic toxicity by inhibiting Bacteroidaceae-mediated ferroptosis","volume":"899","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c03033","article-title":"Decoding the interactive effects of litchi pectin and EGCG on immune microenvironment remodeling: A microbiota-metabolic-immune perspective","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127648","article-title":"Distribution and roles of Ligilactobacillus murinus in hosts","volume":"282","author":"Chuandong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174726","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI174726","article-title":"Dietary carbohydrates regulate intestinal colonization and dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"134","author":"Hecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022020189","article-title":"Expansion of escherichia-shigella in gut is associated with the onset and response to immunosuppressive therapy of igA nephropathy","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732818\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:56:41Z","timestamp":1771927001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732818\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1732818","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"article-number":"1732818"}}