{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T05:05:37Z","timestamp":1780031137552,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the effects of intravitreal administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the progression of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in a guinea pig model and explored the associated molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Experiment 1, 45 pigmented guinea pigs (aged 3 weeks) were randomly assigned to 5 groups to assess the impact of varying BDNF concentrations (50, 100, and 200 \u03bcg\/mL) delivered via intravitreal injection following 4 weeks of monocular form deprivation. Axial length and refractive error were measured at baseline, after the deprivation period, and one day post-injection. In Experiment 2, 36 guinea pigs were allocated into 4 groups to further assess ocular structural changes and underlying molecular pathways. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;amp;E) staining, immunofluorescence, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and western blotting were used to analyze morphological changes in the retina, choroid, and sclera, as well as the expression of BDNF, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the retina.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 200 \u03bcg\/mL BDNF concentration significantly inhibited axial elongation and myopic refractive shifts in eyes with FDM. Immunofluorescence localized BDNF expression predominantly to the retina and choroid. Both H&amp;amp;E staining and OCT imaging demonstrated increased retinal and choroidal thickness and improved scleral collagen organization following BDNF administration. Western blot analysis revealed a downregulation of PI3K, AKT, eNOS, and nNOS expression in the retina of FDM-affected eyes treated with BDNF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravitreal injection of 200 \u03bcg\/mL BDNF effectively attenuated the progression of FDM in guinea pigs. This effect may be mediated through modulation of the PI3K\/AKT\/eNOS\/nNOS signaling pathway. These findings support BDNF as a potential therapeutic target for myopia control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1733238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:54:53Z","timestamp":1780030493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of BDNF in form-deprivation myopia progression in guinea pigs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ruo-Yi","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, 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