{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:14:20Z","timestamp":1793121260565,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens represent an escalating challenge to sustainable aquaculture, particularly in high-value freshwater species such as\n                    <jats:italic>Labeo rohita<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a cornerstone of South Asian aquaculture. This study provides the first comprehensive integration of genomic, immunological, and microbiome analyses to characterize\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus penneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    as an emerging MDR pathogen associated with severe disease manifestations in\n                    <jats:italic>L. rohita<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including exophthalmia, ulceration, and hemorrhage. Robust identification through biochemical assays, 16S rRNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis confirms the clinical relevance of this isolate. Functional assays demonstrated pronounced virulence, evidenced by hemolysin activity, extensive histopathological damage, and dose-dependent mortality, underscoring its pathogenic capacity\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The observed resistance to multiple frontline antibiotic classes, including tetracyclines, macrolides, and carbapenems, highlights a critical therapeutic limitation in aquaculture settings. Genomic analysis further revealed a diverse repertoire of antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence determinants (notably biofilm formation and secretion systems), and mobile genetic elements, suggesting a strong potential for persistence, adaptability, and horizontal gene transfer. Infection-associated gut microbiome disruption, marked by elevated MAR indices and enrichment of virulence-associated taxa, indicates that\n                    <jats:italic>P. penneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    not only exploits host tissues but also reshapes the microbial ecosystem in ways that may exacerbate disease severity and resistance dissemination. Concurrently, heightened serum cortisol,\n                    <jats:italic>C3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels, along with transcriptional upregulation of key immune and stress-related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>hsp70, nod, il6, sod, c3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>myd88<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), reflect an intense pro-inflammatory and physiological stress response. In silico docking analyses implicating\n                    <jats:italic>myd88<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013lipopolysaccharide interactions provide mechanistic insight into potential immune-modulatory strategies employed by the pathogen. Collectively, these findings delineate a multifactorial basis for\n                    <jats:italic>P. penneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence and MDR, emphasizing its significance as an emerging aquaculture pathogen. Future research should prioritize functional validation of key virulence and resistance genes, longitudinal surveillance to assess transmission dynamics and AMR spread, and experimental evaluation of alternative disease mitigation strategies, including probiotics, phage therapy, and immune-modulating interventions, to reduce antibiotic reliance and enhance fish health resilience in aquaculture systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1733414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T05:25:40Z","timestamp":1773379540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exploring the host-pathogen interaction and genome analysis of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen Proteus penneri isolated from Labeo rohita"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vikash","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology (AEB) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI)","place":["Barrackpore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basanta Kumar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology (AEB) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI)","place":["Barrackpore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvra","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology (AEB) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI)","place":["Barrackpore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratyasha","family":"Bhowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Dr. Biresh Chandra Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta","place":["Kolkata, West Bengal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpita","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology (AEB) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI)","place":["Barrackpore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University","place":["Auburn, AL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Galindo-Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University","place":["Bod\u00f8, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"264","volume-title":"The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024 \u2013 blue transformation in action","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.01.039","article-title":"Dietary zinc requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)","volume":"503","author":"Musharraf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0669-1","article-title":"Global change in marine aquaculture production potential under climate change","volume":"2","author":"Froehlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00649-x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the environment","volume":"20","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0720-6","article-title":"Significance and roles of Proteus spp. bacteria in natural environments","volume":"72","author":"Drzewiecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbial Ecol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1601681","article-title":"Impact of repeated in-vitro bacterial culture on virulence and antibiotic resistance characteristics: a study of Gram-positive and Gram-negative fish pathogens","volume":"16","author":"Bag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2023.138764.2836","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Proteus spp. isolated from the rice-fish farming system cultivation area against A. hydrophila","volume":"37","author":"Fitriadi","year":"2023"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110838","article-title":"Diseases of marine fish and shellfish in an age of rapid climate change","volume":"27","author":"Rowley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.04.063","article-title":"Identification and pathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides in silver carp","volume":"493","author":"Behera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741703","article-title":"Pathogenomic profiling: Decoding the pathogenic potential of virulent Bacillus cereus associated with mortality of farmed Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822), in India","volume":"595","author":"Pakhira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-023-00225-1","article-title":"Investigating bio-remediation capabilities of a constructed wetland through spatial successional study of the sediment microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Clean Water"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096470","article-title":"\u2018A simple and effective method for high quality co-extraction of genomic DNA and total RNA from low biomass ectocarpus siliculosus, the model brown alga\u2019","volume":"9","author":"Greco","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.01.018","article-title":"Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a virulent Acinetobacter baumannii associated with mortality of farmed Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822)","volume":"471","author":"Behera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology","author":"Garrity","year":"2005"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01919","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Colonizing Acartia tonsa Copepod Eggs and Displaying Antagonist Effects against Vibrio Anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus and Other Pathogenic Strains","volume":"8","author":"Zidour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-Fifth informational supplement","volume-title":"CLSI document M100-S25","author":"Wayne","year":"2015"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals","volume-title":"Approved standard-second edition NCCLS document M31-A3","author":"Wayne","year":"2002"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3887-3","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of faecal contamination of water","volume":"46","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00364.x","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index and its reversion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"24","author":"Paul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.215087.116","article-title":"Canu: Scalable and accurate long-read assembly via adaptive k -mer weighting and repeat separation","volume":"27","author":"Koren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","article-title":"QUAST: Quality assessment tool for genome assemblies","volume":"29","author":"Gurevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv351","article-title":"BUSCO: Assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs","volume":"31","author":"Sim\u00e3o","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-75","article-title":"The RAST server: rapid annotations using subsystems technology","volume":"9","author":"Aziz","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad326","article-title":"Proksee: In-depth characterization and visualization of bacterial genomes","volume":"51","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elr026","article-title":"Brucella genomics as we enter the multi-genome era","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Briefings Funct Genomics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00118","article-title":"PATtyFams: protein families for the microbial genomes in the PATRIC database","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp163","article-title":"Biopython: freely available Python tools for computational molecular biology and bioinformatics","volume":"25","author":"Cock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033","article-title":"RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies","volume":"30","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10210-3","article-title":"TYGS is an automated high-throughput platform for state-of-the-art genome-based taxonomy","volume":"10","author":"Meier-Kolthoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1092","article-title":"KEGG: New perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs","volume":"45","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2015.1165","article-title":"Evaluating and optimizing fish health and welfare during experimental procedures","volume":"13","author":"Goodwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"coae022","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coae022","article-title":"A systematic review of approaches to assess fish health responses to anthropogenic threats in freshwater ecosystems","volume":"12","author":"Mallett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Conserv Physiol"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water","year":"2017"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10020166","article-title":"Establishing a percutaneous infection model using zebrafish and a salmon pathogen","volume":"10","author":"Nakatani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12829","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312829","article-title":"Expression and immune response profiles in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and european sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) during pathogen challenge and infection","volume":"25","author":"Saleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.693932","article-title":"Essential Oils Improve the Survival of Gnotobiotic Brine Shrimp (Artemia franciscana) Challenged With Vibrio campbellii","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.956478","article-title":"Outbreak of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis associated with Aeromonas hydrophila in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus: The role of turmeric oil in enhancing immunity and inducing resistance against co-infection","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236006","article-title":"Isolation and diversity of sediment bacteria in the hypersaline aiding lake, China","volume":"15","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404206101","article-title":"Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method","volume":"101","author":"Tamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci United States America"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32674-0","volume-title":"Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish","author":"Austin","year":"2016"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2004.09.006","article-title":"Innate immunity of fish","volume":"20","author":"Magnad\u00f3ttir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"Catalase activity","volume-title":"CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research","author":"Claiborne","year":"1985"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2007.06.005","article-title":"The innate immune response of finfish \u2013 a review of current knowledge","volume":"23","author":"Whyte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118786758","volume-title":"Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Noga","year":"2010"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107997","article-title":"Co-infection of Aeromonas veronii and Megasporoporia sp. associated with mass mortality in Labeo bata: pathological effects and immune modulation in the host","volume":"208","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16030068","article-title":"Effect of tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) on fish health: an in vitro approach","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866524666161121142221","article-title":"Acute phase proteins and their potential role as an indicator for fish health and in diagnosis of fish diseases","volume":"24","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.9.e36","article-title":"Relative expression software tool (REST(C)) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR","volume":"30","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti770","article-title":"The SWISS-MODEL workspace: A web-based environment for protein structure homology modelling","volume":"22","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm290","article-title":"ProSA-web: Interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins","volume":"35","author":"Wiederstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky473","article-title":"CASTp 3.0: Computed atlas of surface topography of proteins","volume":"46","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ci200227u","article-title":"LigPlot+: multiple ligand\u2013protein interaction diagrams for drug discovery","volume":"51","author":"Laskowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Modeling"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3289","article-title":"PDBsum: Structural summaries of PDB entries","volume":"27","author":"Laskowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein science"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw514","article-title":"PRODIGY: a web server for predicting the binding affinity of protein\u2013protein complexes","volume":"32","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh081","article-title":"BRENDA, the enzyme database: Updates and major new developments","volume":"32","author":"Schomburg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene Ontology: Tool for the unification of biology","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-0997-x","article-title":"Mash: Fast genome and metagenome distance estimation using MinHash","volume":"17","author":"Ondov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12966","article-title":"Biosecurity: Reducing the burden of disease","volume":"54","author":"Subasinghe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J World Aquaculture Soc"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12946","article-title":"Perspectives on aquaculture\u2019s contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals for improved human and planetary health","volume":"54","author":"Troell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J World Aquaculture Soc"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743217","article-title":"Assessment of the economic impact of disease outbreaks and mortality losses in rainbow trout aquaculture in Denmark","volume":"612","author":"Vervelacis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163598","article-title":"Excessive disinfection aggravated the environmental prevalence of antimicrobial resistance during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"882","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5432497","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5432497","article-title":"Maintenance of fish health in aquaculture: review of epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease of fish","volume":"2018","author":"Assefa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Med Int"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030339","article-title":"Complete genome and plasmids sequences of a clinical proteus mirabilis isolate producing plasmid mediated NDM-1 from Italy","volume":"8","author":"Bitar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.06.009","article-title":"First report of extensively-drug-resistant Proteus mirabilis isolate carrying plasmid-mediated blaNDM-1 in a Tunisian intensive care unit","volume":"52","author":"Kanzari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040864","article-title":"Bacterial infection disrupts the intestinal bacterial community and facilitates the enrichment of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines of penaeus vannamei","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1053-5","article-title":"Positive associations among rare species and their persistence in ecological assemblages","volume":"4","author":"Calatayud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2602","article-title":"The ecology of the microbiome: Networks, competition, and stability","volume":"350","author":"Coyte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1636453","article-title":"Integrated transcriptomic and immune enzymatic analyses uncover coordinated immunometabolic responses in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) to Metanophrys sp. infection","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00173","article-title":"Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer","volume":"7","author":"Wintersdorff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02298","article-title":"Revisiting antibiotic resistance spreading in wastewater treatment plants\u2014Bacteriophages as a much neglected potential transmission vehicle","volume":"8","author":"Lood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3400","article-title":"Ecology and exploration of the rare biosphere","volume":"13","author":"Lynch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1099-4","article-title":"Strength of species interactions determines biodiversity and stability in microbial communities","volume":"4","author":"Ratzke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-016-9821-z","article-title":"An introduction to niche construction theory","volume":"30","author":"Laland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evolutionary Ecol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567.Gut","article-title":"Gut microbiota: role in pathogen colonization, immune responses and inflammatory disease","volume":"279","author":"Pickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866524666161121142221","article-title":"Acute phase proteins and their potential role as an indicator for fish health and in diagnosis of fish diseases.","volume":"24","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2020.e00428","article-title":"Cytokine modulation during malaria infections by some medicinal plants","volume":"8","author":"Afolayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2024.105276","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity gene expression profiles induced by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the immune-related organs of channel catfish","volume":"162","author":"Gomaa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109790","article-title":"Effects of Aeromonas infection on the immune system, physical barriers and microflora structure in the intestine of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"153","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501729","article-title":"TRPV4-Mediated Detection of Hyposmotic Stress by Skin Keratinocytes Activates Developmental Immunit","volume":"196","author":"Galindo-Villegas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209920109","article-title":"Regulation of immunity and disease resistance by commensal microbes and chromatin modifications during zebrafish development","volume":"109","author":"Galindo-Villegas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1733414\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1773379542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1733414\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1733414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1733414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"article-number":"1733414"}}