{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:28:40Z","timestamp":1792456120716,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The ability of\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis (E.m)<\/jats:italic>\n                      to establish infection depends on evading host immune clearance during the early stages. This study investigated the mechanisms by which host macrophages eliminate\n                      <jats:italic>E.m<\/jats:italic>\n                      during this critical window.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We utilized a mouse infection model with fluorescently labeled protoscoleces to observe early immune dynamics\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Histopathological analysis was performed to characterize lesion phenotypes. The mechanism of parasite killing was further explored using\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      co-culture experiments and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rapid immune cell infiltration and parasite clearance in the liver were observed within 24 hours post-infection. Histopathological analysis revealed two distinct lesion phenotypes: \"Progressive Lesions,\" characterized by a failure of macrophage infiltration and parasite transformation into vesicles, and \"Regressive Lesions,\" marked by high macrophage density and complete parasite elimination.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments demonstrated that macrophages mediated protoscolex killing through complement-dependent trogocytosis, a process requiring active serum components. SEM confirmed direct macrophage-parasite contact and trogocytosis as the primary mode of elimination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings highlight the pivotal role of macrophage trogocytosis in early host defense against\n                      <jats:italic>E.m<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and provide new insights into the mechanisms of innate immunity in parasitic clearance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1734332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:27:54Z","timestamp":1773293274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The critical window for host defense: macrophage trogocytosis eliminates 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence 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