{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:09:13Z","timestamp":1775797753441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex-based differences in immune responses to vaccination are well-documented, yet the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigates DNA methylation profiles in B cells following hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, with a focus on sex-specific patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using high-resolution genome-wide methylation analysis, we examined post-vaccination samples from healthy male and female health care workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results reveal distinct methylation signatures associated with vaccine response, with several loci showing sex-dependent differential methylation. Pathway analysis identified immune-related genes and regulatory elements potentially involved in B cell activation and memory formation. Our findings show that DNA methylation levels differ between responders versus non-responders to HBV vaccination and these alterations vary with biological sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding these epigenetic variations may open new perspective on vaccination practice. Collecting data on B cell epigenetics in different vaccination protocols could improve our knowledge on immunization function and contribute to more personalized vaccination strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1734384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T04:27:21Z","timestamp":1775795241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["B-cell DNA methylation signature in response to hepatitis B virus vaccination in females and males"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna Malgorzata","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Anticoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Salvioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Calzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Gentilini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gastone","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Area, B cell Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Vonesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Tomao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Carsetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Area, B cell Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Garagnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna","place":["Bologna, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Hepatitis B. 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