{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T18:33:39Z","timestamp":1769625219638,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can potentially affect any organ. From a pathogenetic standpoint, it is characterized by the formation of chronic granulomatous inflammation, which defines its histological hallmark. Unlike its pathogenetic mechanisms, the etiology of sarcoidosis remains poorly understood. Environmental triggers\u2014such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or exposure to damp environments\u2014have been hypothesized as risk factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the role of the gut microbiota in the development of various metabolic and autoimmune disorders. At this regard, the primary aim of this review has been to critically explore the potential role of the gut and lung microbiota in the onset of sarcoidosis. We examined current and available evidence regarding the composition of the pulmonary and intestinal microbiota in sarcoidosis, identifying possible differences compared to other interstitial lung diseases and trying to find potential correlations with the etiological and prognostic features of the disease. Furthermore, potential therapeutic implications for the treatment of sarcoidosis have been assessed, with a focus on the possibility of modulating the microbiota of affected individuals as a novel approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1735877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:43:25Z","timestamp":1769582605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring microbial signatures in sarcoidosis: etiological and therapeutic implications of host\u2013microbiota interactions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit \u201cMiulli\u201d Hospital","place":["Acquaviva delle fonti, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Larizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit \u201cMiulli\u201d Hospital","place":["Acquaviva delle fonti, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Suppressa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of Internal Medicine Unit \u201cMiulli\u201d Hospital, Department of Medicine & Surgery, LUM University Giuseppe Degennaro","place":["Casamassima, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0096-x","article-title":"Sarcoidosis","volume":"5","author":"Grunewald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.991394","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and autoimmunity: In the depth of a complex relationship","volume":"9","author":"Rizzi L","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00316.2023","article-title":"The role of the host-microbiome and metabolomics in sarcoidosis","volume":"325","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0332-z","article-title":"Is there any association between Sarcoidosis and infectious agents?: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Esteves","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03452-8","article-title":"The lung microbiota: role in maintaining pulmonary immune homeostasis and its implications in cancer development and therapy","volume":"77","author":"Sommariva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201705-0891OC","article-title":"Microbial lineages in sarcoidosis. 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